Supplemental Material Spontaneous brain activity predicts learning ...

Supplemental
Material

Spontaneous brain activity predicts learning ability of foreign sounds

Noelia Ventura
-
Campos

1
, Ana Sanjuán

1,2
, Julio González

1
, Mª Ángeles Palomar
-
García

1
,

Aina Rodríguez
-
Pujadas

1
, Núria Sebastián
-
Gallés

3
, Gustavo Deco

4, 5
, an
d César Ávila

1
.

1

Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Avda.
Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071,
Castellón de la Plana, Spain.

2

Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL University College London,

London, UK


3

Center fo
r Brain and Cognition, Department of Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Tánger 122
-
140,
08018, Barcelona, Spain

4

Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience Group, Center for Brain and Cognition, Universitat Pompeu Fabra,
Roc Boronat, 138, 08018 Ba
rcelona, Spain

5

Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain


Inventory of Supplemental Information

1.

Supplemental Table 1.

One
-
sample t
-
test of the phoneme identification fMRI task.

2.

Supplemental Table 2.
Comparison and corre
lation analysis of the phoneme
identification fMRI task for the non
-
native contrast.

3.

Supplemental Table 3.
Seed regions for rs
-
FC analysis.

4.

Supplemental Table 4.

Spatial correlation and IC sorting using FC
-
maps as templates.

Supplemental

Tables

Table S1.

One
-
sample t
-
test of the phoneme identification fMRI task.
Clusters of activation
in a one
-
sample t
-
test for the native and non
-
native contrast in each
fMRI
period
corrected for
multiple comparisons (Monte
-
Carlo,
FWE
p

< 0.05
)
.
*same cluster

Native mi
nus noise


AAL BA

Pre
-
training

Post
-
training

Cluster

Z
-
value

MNI coordinates

Cluster

Z
-
value

MNI coordinates

Right Insula , Inferior Frontal Gyrus

13
/45/47

139

5.00

30 24 0

757
*

5.00

33 21 3

Right Precentral Gyr
us

6





4.75

45 0 30

Left Insula, Inferior Frontal Gyrus

13

654

4.82

-
30 18 0

1152

5.36

-
30 21 3

Left Precentral Gyrus

6


3.81

-
42
-
3 39


5.00

-
42 0 36

Left Frontal Inferior Operculum



3.8
0

-
36 12 24


4.63

-
42 15 18

Left Middle Frontal

Gyrus






4.68

-
39 45 12

Left Superior Temporal Gyrus,

21/22

236

4.58

-
60
-
24 3

113

4.13

-
63
-
15 3

Right Superior Temporal Gyrus

21/22

164

4.43

51
-
24 0

124

4.64

48
-
30 0

Right Middle Frontal Gyrus

46

213

4.26

45 24 27

757*

4.44

45 30 27

Right Frontal Inferior Operculum

9


3.28

33 6 27


4.28

48 15 27

Right Superior Frontal Gyru
s

10

55

3.74

30 45 9




Right Inferior Parietal lobe
, Angular

40

53

3.14

39
-
63 54

104

3.68

36
-
60 45

Left Inferior Parietal
lobe
, Supramarginal
Gyrus





282

4.81

-
33
-
54 39

Right Caudate Head





84

4.33

12 0 0

Left Caudate Head





56

4.16

-
9 0 6

Non
-
native minus noise


AAL BA

Pre
-
training

Post
-
training

Cluster

Z
-
value

MNI coordinates

Cluster

Z
-
val
ue

MNI coordinates

Left Insula, Inferior Frontal Gyrus

13/45

/47

158

5.48

-
30 21 0

1493
*

6.04

-
30 21 3

Right Insula , Inferior Frontal Gyrus

13
/45/47

399

5.25

27 24 0

1615
*

4.73

33 24 0

Right Frontal Inferior Operculum






4.84

42 18 6

Rig
ht Middle Frontal Gyrus

45/46


3.94

45 27 24


4.52

42 33 27

Right Precentral Gyrus

6/9


3.43

48 9 33


4.57

48 9 30

Left Superior Temporal Gyrus

21/22

66

4.60

-
60
-
15 3

44

3.58

-
60
-
18 3

Right Superior Temporal Gyrus

21/22

57

4.15

63
-
18 0

125

3.99

60
-
24 0

Left Frontal Inferior Operculum


234

3.70

-
39 6 24

1493*

5.25

-
48 6 27

Left Precentral Gyrus

6


3.37

-
42
-
3 48


5.40

-
42 0 33

Left Cingulate Gyrus

32





4.13

-
6 18 42

Right Cingulate Gyrus

32





3.95

3 18 42

Left I
nferior Parietal
lobe
, Angular

40




322

4.58

-
33
-
54 42

Right Inferior Parietal lobe
, Angular

40




248

4.21

36
-
60 42

Right Caudate Head





1615*

4.66

12 9 6

Left Caudate Head





133

4.08

-
12 0 18



Table S2. Comparison and correlation anal
ysis of the phoneme identification fMRI task
for the non
-
native contrast.
Paired t
-
test of post
-
training and pre
-
training for the non
-
native
contrast
and

m
ultiple regression analysis between the learning measure (post
-

minus pre
-
training identification sco
re) recorded inside the scanner and the BOLD signal change during
identification of the non
-
native contrast in post
-
training
. Threshold
corrected for multiple
comparisons (Monte
-
Carlo,
FWE
p

< 0.05
)
.

AAL

BA

Post
-
training > Pre
-
training

Cluster

Z
-
value

MNI coordinates

Left Middle Frontal Gyrus

46

692

4.58

-
42 45 12

Left Frontal Inferior Operculum

44/45


4.44

-
51 12 21

Left Precentral Gyrus

6


3.67

-
51 0 33

Left Sub
-
Gyral
, Insula

13


3.61

-
27 27 6

Left Inferior Parietal
lobe

40

684

4.46

-
30
-
54 45

Left Superior

Parietal lobe
, Precuneus

7


4.08

-
21
-
72 39

Right

Frontal Inferior Operculum
, Precentral

9

134

4.45

45 6 27

Right

Precentral Gyrus

6

48

4.01

24
-
12 45

Right

inferi
or Parietal
lobe

40

189

3.59

42
-
45 39

Right

Superior Parietal
lobe
, Precuneus

7


3.23

27
-
66 51

AAL BA

Multiple regression analysis

Cluster

Z
-
value

MNI coordinates

Left Frontal In
ferior operculum

9

42

3.51

-
54 3 27

Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus, Precentral

6


3.32

-
54
-
6 36


Table S3. Seed regions for rs
-
FC analysis.
The ROIs associated with the training for the
phoneme identification task were defined using a within
-
subjects

ANOVA.


ROIs trained

AAL BA

Cluster

Z
-
value

MNI coordinates

Left Frontal Inferior operculum

13

198

4.38

-
45 6 18

Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus, Precentral

44


4.12

-
42 12 9

Left Sub
-
Gyral
-

Insula

13


4.01

-
36 18 12

Left Inferior Parietal Gyrus

40

70

4.07

-
36
-
45 42

Left Superior Parietal Gyrus
-

Precuneus

7

42

3.60

-
15
-
66 51

Left Superior Parietal Gyrus
-

Precuneus

7


3.53

-
18
-
69 36

ROI untrained

AAL

BA

Cluster

Z
-
value

MNI coordinates

Left Middle Temporal Gyrus

21

19
a

3.80

-
66
-
15
-
9

Left Middle Temporal Gyrus

21


3.60

-
63
-
15
-
6

Left Superior Temporal Gyrus

22


3.43

-
48
-
18
-
6


a

indica
ted a subthreshold trend
















Table S4. Spatial correlation and IC sorting using FC
-
maps as templates
. We used pre
-
training and post
-
training FC
-
maps corresponding to the seed regions LFO/aI and LSPL, as
templates to select the ICs that had stron
ger correlations (bold type) with FC
-
maps for each
participant.

PRE
-
TRAINING

POST
-
TRAINING


Networks

Correlation value

LFO/aI FC
-
map

Correlation value

LSPL FC
-
map

Correlation value

LFO/aI FC
-
map

Correlation value

LSPL FC
-
map

Salience network

LFPN

RFPN

A
N

Task Positive

Ventral Stream

DMN

Precuneus

Medial temporal

SN

SMN

Primary visual

Lateral visual

Medial visual

0.14 ± 0.02
(sd)

0.18 ± 0.03

0.04 ± 0.01

0.24 ± 0.04

0.09 ± 0.02

0.12 ± 0.02

0.02 ± 0.01

0.01 ± 0.01

0.05 ± 0.02

0.08 ± 0.02

0.03 ± 0.02

0.02
± 0.02

0.01 ± 0.01

0.02 ± 0.01

0.04 ± 0.01 (sd)

0.29 ± 0.04

0.11 ± 0.02

0.05 ± 0.01

0.20 ± 0.03

0.04 ± 0.01

0.03 ± 0.01

0.15 ± 0.03

0.05 ± 0.01

0.03 ± 0.01

0.06 ± 0.01

0.04 ± 0.01

0.05 ± 0.01

0.05 ± 0.02

0.26 ± 0.03

(sd)


0.15 ± 0.02

0.04 ± 0.01

0.20
± 0.02

0.08 ± 0.02

0.09 ± 0.02

0.03 ± 0.01

0.01 ± 0.01

0.06 ± 0.02

0.04 ± 0.02

0.03 ± 0.01

0.02 ± 0.01

0.01 ± 0.01

0.03 ± 0.01

0.04 ± 0.02 (sd)

0.19 ± 0.03

0.13 ± 0.02

0.05 ± 0.01

0.19 ± 0.03

0.05 ± 0.01

0.01 ± 0.01

0.15 ± 0.03

0.05 ± 0.01

0.02 ± 0.01

0.0
3 ± 0.02

0.03 ± 0.01

0.01 ± 0.01

0.03 ± 0.01