An Introduction to

An Introduction to


BIOMETRICS

Agenda

•

Introduction

To

Biometrics

•

Definition

Of

Biometrics

•

Mode

Of

Biometrics

•

Type

Of

Biometrics

•

Fingerprint

Recognition

•

Application











How

Can

You

Prove

it

?






How Can I Know Who You Are ?

•
Token

----

What

the

individual

has

An

Identification

Card,

Badge,

Magnetic

Strip

Card

Identifying Individuals

There

are

three

common

ways

of

identifying

an

individual's

identity

•
Secret/Knowledge

----

What

the

individual

Knows/Owns

A

Password

or

Personal

Identification

Number

(PIN)

•
Biometrics

----

What

the

individual

is

or

does

Biometrics …….. The Definition

“The

Automated

reorganization

of

individuals

based

on

their

behavioral

and

Biological

characteristics
.
”

The

term

“

Biometrics”

is

derived

from

the

Greek

words

B
io

(

Means

‘L
ife
’

)

and

M
etric

(means

‘
T
o

M
easure’

)

Biometrics …….. The Truth

•

Universal

:

Each

person

should

have

the

specific

Biometric

character
.


•

Unique

(Just

Distinguishable)

:

Any

two

people

should

be

sufficiently

different

in

terms

of

the

characteristics
.

•

Collectible

:

Biometric

characters

must

be

obtainable
.

•

Permanent

:

Characters

remain

invariable

over

time,

allowing

for

repeatable

measures
.

How It Works

Type Of Biometrics

•

Biological




Face




Finger




Hand




Iris




Vein




Retina


Imaging




Ear




Odor

•

Behavioral




Signature




Keystroke




Voice




Gait






SECURITY AT


YOUR

FINGERTIP

Fingerprint Recognition


Fingerprint

recognition

is

a

Biometric

technique

which

use

different

characteristics

of

a

person’s

fingerprint
.


The

use

of

fingerprints

as

a

means

of

identification

were

first

used

by

the

Chinese

in

500

B
.
C
.

Details About Fingerprint

Tool Used

Finger

Token

is

essentially

a

personal

password

storage

tool

with

all

the

capabilities

required

for

fingerprint

authentication
—
scanning

fingerprints,

storing

fingerprint

reference

data,

and

matching

the

verification
.

Digital Fingerprint

Any

image

data

can

be

converted

into

digital

information

with

the

combination

of

“
0
”

and

“
1
”
.

In

this

case,

even

though

we

convert

a

fingerprint

into

digital

data,

the

property

of

uniqueness

of

a

fingerprint

is

still

valid
.


00011101101010000111101


0

1

1

0

0

1

1






< Conversion without loss>
>

Eg
.

The

second

row

of

binary

fingerprint

is

created

by

taking

every

third

bit

of

the

first

row

of

full

conversion

of

original

fingerprint
.

Therefore

a

fingerprint

can

be

converted

into

unlimited

number

of

new

digital

fingerprint
.


<

Conversion

with

allowing

loss

>





Fig..Conversion of fingerprint to Binary data


Pattern Matching

Have

a

digitalized

target

data

&

digitalize

the

fingerprint

;

now

we

should

enter

pattern
-
mapping

phase

To

map

the

pattern

of

the

fingerprint

into

the

data,

we

use

a

brute
-
force

matching

between

the

fingerprint

and

the

data
.


Starting

from

the

first

bit

of

fingerprint,

step

by

step

find

the

maximum

length

of

bits

of

fingerprint

that

is

matching

with

the

content

bits

of

the

data
.

Eg
.

For

eg
:

there

are

two

sequence

of

binary

information

one

is

for

fingerprint

and

other

for

data
.

Overall Process

Fingerprint

Scanning

Extract

Fingerprint

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 1

0 0 0 1

1 1 0 1

01010101

01110110

01110100

01010111

Create Data

0101010

0111011

0111010

0101011

Mapping

0100110

0111011

0001010

0101011

010101

011101

011101

010101

Distribution

to other users

Mapping+Fingerprint


Pattern

1 0 0 1

1 1 1 1

0 0 0 1

1 1 0 1

Pattern

Encoding

Applications

Forensics

Information system/computer network security

Electronic commerce and electronic banking

Fingerprint
-
based national ID systems

Fingerprint
-
based voter and driver registration

Others

Face Recognition

Based

on

location

and

shape

of

facial

attributes

such

as

the

eyes,

eyebrows,

nose,

lips

and

chin,

as

well

as

their

relationship

to

each

other

Hand Recognition

Based on measurements of the hand

Iris Recognition

Iris

is

the

area

between

the

pupil

and

the

sclera
.

Iris

carries

very

distinctive

information
.

1

in

(
10
)
78

–

chance

of

someone

having

an

identical

iris

as

you
.

Others

Vein Recognition

•
Finger based

•
Top of hand based

•
Palm

Keystroke Recognition

How an individual types on a keyboard

Keystroke press time

Keystroke latency time

Voice Recognition

•
Text

dependent


Voice

recognition

system

is

based

on

utterances

of

a

fixed

pre
-
determined

phrase

•

Text

independent

Voice

recognition

system

recognizes

the

speaker

independent

of

what

they

say

Pros & Cons

•

Pros
:




The

uniqueness

of

biometric

attributes



No

question

of

forgetting

passwords



More

difficult

to

replicate

a

biometric

feature

at

the

data

acquisition

stage


•

Cons



Still

very

expensive



The

hardware

and

software

must

be

integrated

properly



System

may

not

recognize

a

valid

user



Biometric

authentication

gives

a

likelihood

of

a

match

Fusion

When more than one biometric is combined,

fusion occurs.


Multi
-
modal

Conclusion

Most security breaches are due to weak
authentication…….

Is Biometrics the answer ?


Thank you