Group 01:
Abbey
Reisz
, Matt
Zapalac
,
Kymberly
Juettemeyer
,
Cassy
Diamond, Joshua Aguilar
Primary Article:
Planar Photonics with
Metasurfaces
Secondary Articles
:
History of
Metamaterials
, From
Metamaterials
to
Metadevices
,
Infrared
M
etamaterial
Phase Holograms
Fantasy “Invisibility Cloak “ from
Harry Potter franchise
Real world “Invisibility Cloak” using
metamaterials
Summary of Research
•
What are
metamaterials
?
Why
are they relevant?
•
History/Background
•
Core Concepts/How They Work
•
Applications
•
Assessment of
Metamaterials
•
Conclusions
Negative index
metamaterial
array configuration, which was
constructed of copper split
-
ring resonators and wires mounted
on interlocking sheets of fiberglass circuit board.
Picture:
Metamaterials
Google.com
What are “
metamaterials
”?
Why are they unique?
•
Material that gains properties from its surroundings
rather than composition of material
•
“
Magnetoelastic
” material
-
have a
mechanial
degree
of freedom that allows mutual interaction with its
surroundings
to enable electromagnetic forces to
change the structure and tune its properties; they
respond to light, acoustic waves, and heat flow.
•
Negative permeability, permittivity, refractive index,
which are usually positive in other materials
•
Reduced dimensionality and bulk; planar, ultrathin
•
Controls light waves, acoustic waves, heat waves
•
Regular material constraints lifted
The 8 V
-
shaped prongs represent one unit cell that repeats through the
structure; these help demonstrate negative refractive index and reflection
angles that give the material its unique physical and optical properties.
Research and Picture:
Planar Photonics with
Metasurfaces
Alexander V.
Kildishev
et al.
Science 339, (2013);
DOI: 10.1126/science.1232009
http://www.sciencemag.org
History/Background of
Metamaterials
•
What is light?
•
Magnetic field wave and electric
field wave
propogating
perpendicular to one another;
metamaterials
are affected by
light, which is electric and
magnetic waves.
•
James Maxwell
-
made the
connection between light,
electricity, and magnetism in the
1800’s;
electromagnetic field
Research:
History of
Metamaterials
Reed Business Information
January 8, 2011
http://www.tmcnet.com
Top Picture
http://www.astronomynotes.com
Research
History of
Metamaterials
Wikipedia.com
A magnetic and
electric wave
propagating
together to
create an
electromagnetic
wave.
Ordinary
electrical
charges
produce field
lines that
spread to
infinity in
empty space.
Bottom Picture
Electromagnetic Field
Google.com
History/Background of
Metamaterials
•
Victor
Veselago
-
discovered
negative refractive index in 1967
•
Electric and magnetic fields
aligned in opposite directions; the
reversal of Snell’s Law would “bend
light the wrong way
”
•
“Meta” means “beyond”, which was
given as a name to this material
because it is “beyond conventional
materials”
Victor
Veselago’s
proposal of negative refractive index and negative reflection of
light on a
metasurface
A
diagram of
Snell’s
Law showing the
relationship between
angle of incidence and
refraction. Refraction
of light at the interface
between two media of
different refractive
indices, with n2 > n1.
Since the velocity is
lower in the second
medium (v2 < v1), the
angle of refraction θ2
is less than the angle of
incidence θ1; that is,
the ray in the higher
-
index medium is closer
to the normal.
Research:
History of
Metamaterials
Reed Business Information
January 8, 2011
http://www.tmcnet.com
Top Picture
Snell’s Law
Wikipedia.com
Research
History of
Metamaterials
Wikipedia.com
Bottoms Pictures:
Planar Photonics with
Metasurfaces
Alexander V.
Kildishev
et al.
Science 339, (2013);
DOI: 10.1126/science.1232009
http://www.sciencemag.org
History/Background of
Metamaterials
•
John
Pendry
•
Discovered that radiation absorption does not come from
the chemical or molecular
structure, but comes from
carbon fiber shape within material.
•
Discovered negative permittivity and permeability
•
Created the “split ring structure
” with repeating thin wire
structures sequentially.
•
David
Smith
-
created the first
metamaterial
in
2000
capable of bending electromagnetic radiation; went
on to create first invisibility cloak.
•
Today, we have “active
“
metamaterials
that
control and respond
to surroundings.
Top: Split ring structure before the electromagnetic field is applied
Bottom: Electromagnetic field applied; lattice parameters change.
Research:
History of
Metamaterials
Reed Business Information
January 8, 2011
http://www.tmcnet.com
Research
History of
Metamaterials
Wikipedia.com
Bottom Picture
Planar Photonics with
Metasurfaces
Alexander V.
Kildishev
et al.
Science 339, (2013);
DOI: 10.1126/science.1232009
http://www.sciencemag.org
Core Concepts:
Electromagnetics
•
Light is a direct result of electric and
magnetic waves propagating
together.
•
Permittivity and Permeability must be
simultaneously negative for a
metamaterial
to exist.
•
Permittivity:
•
The measure of how an electric field
interacts with a dielectric medium.
•
Electromagnetic Permeability:
•
The measure of the ability of a material to
support its own magnetic field.
Research:
Permittivity
Permeabilitiy
Wikipedia.com
Pictures:
Fundamentals of Materials
Science and Engineering
Ch. 19
An electromagnetic wave showing electric field
Є
and magnetic field H
components and the wavelength
λ
.
The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation;
metamaterials
are not visible to the human eye
and the waves absorbed by
metamaterials
are
typically found in the microwave and infrared
region, although all waves are a form of
electromagnetic radiation.
Energy of particle of
light is proportional
to frequency by
Planck’s Constant.
Core Concepts: Refractive Index
•
Refractive Index (n)
•
Describes how light propagates
through a medium.
•
Less
than 1
•
Can be positive…(normal materials)
•
Or
negative (
metamaterials
)
•
Wave
front can travel towards
direction of
source
•
A video showing negative
refractive index:
http://upload.wikimedia.o
rg/wikipedia/commons/c/c
7/Negative_refraction.ogg
Refractive index: speed of light over the phase velocity
of a given substance.
Є
is permittivity and
μ
is
permeability; in order for refractive index to be negative,
both of the others must also be negative.
Research
Negative Index
Metamaterials
Wikipedia.com
Research and Picture
Using
Metamaterials
to Defy Our Common Understanding
of Light
http://
www.rikenresearch.riken.jp
Illustration of a negative refractive index
Core Concepts: Acoustic
•
Inherent
parameters of the medium
are the mass density
ρ, bulk
modulus
β,
and chirality
k.
•
Chirality determines
the polarity
of
wave
propogation
.
•
Requires negative bulk modulus and
mass density; these must be altered
to define the refractive index of a
material.
•
Bulk modulus is the resistance to
uniform compression.
•
Allows unique effects such as a
inverse Doppler effect
Research
Double
-
negative acoustic
metamaterial
Jensen Li
and
C. T. Chan
Science 339, (2013);
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.70.055602
http://pre.aps.org
Bulk modulus: A diagram of uniform compression. This is possible
through negative refractive index and chirality of
metamaterials
.
Negative bulk modulus means that the medium expands when
experiencing compression, and accelerates to the left when being
pushed to the right.
The relationship between refractive index (n), mass
density (
ρ
) and bulk modulus (
β
).
Further Research and Pictures:
Acoustic
Metamaterials
Wikipedia.com
Applications of
Metamaterials
: Invisibility
•
Negative refractive index is crucial
•
Makes the path of light quicker
around an object rather than
through it
•
Bend electromagnetic waves
around an object, rendering it
invisible.
•
“Perfect” invisibility not yet
possible, but partial invisibility
(translucency) is proven.
Research:
How Invisibility Cloaks Work
William Harris and Robert Lamb
Howstuffworks.com
Diagram:
Super
-
Technologies
Theonematrix.com
A diagram of how light (microwave
source) affects normal objects and
metamaterials
differently.
Photo:
“Is the Army Testing an Invisible Tank?”
Alexander
Nemenov
/AFP/
Getty Images
http://www.howstuffworks.com/invisible
-
tank1.htm
Potential to create an armor
for soldiers that would render
them and their shadows
invisible.
Applications of
Metamaterials
: Invisibility
•
Allows
:
•
Invisibility cloaks
•
Stealth paint on
planes
•
See through gloves for
surgeons
•
Take away blind spots for
drivers in cars
•
Virtually anything in the
military ranging from clothes
for soldiers to invisible planes
Pictures:
Google.com
A person wearing a real
“invisibility cloak” made of
metamaterials
The type of plane that would benefit from
metamaterial
cloaking;
stealth attacks and landing would be much easier and safer.
Applications of
Metamaterials
:
Subwavelenth
Imaging and
Superlenses
•
What is a
superlens
?
•
Goes beyond diffraction
limit
•
Most lenses limited by
imperfections
•
Superresolution
•
Microwave
frequencies
Research:
From
metamaterials
to
metadevices
Nikolay
I.
Zheludev
and Yuri S.
Kivshar
Nature Materials 11, 917
-
924 (2012)
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3431
23 October 2012
Research:
Superlens
Wikipedia.com
•
Subwavelength
images via
metamaterials
allow to see
cells in real time in natural environment
•
Can see patterns which are too small to be seen by
conventional microscopes
Top Picture:
The
Superlens
Nature.com
Bottom Picture:
Google.com
An example of how molecules would look with
subwavelength
imaging.
Applications of
Metamaterials
: Wireless
Power Transmission
•
Metamaterial
is placed
between the
transmitter and the receiver would
create a
kind
of lens,
directing
the
energy so that most of it gets to the
device being charged
.
•
This
metamaterial
would use thousands of
individual thin conducting loops that would
be tailored to recipient device.
•
Space between the charger and
chargee
effectively disappears.
•
Short range mobile devices are an easy
feat, but electric vehicle charging and
more is a new possibility.
•
Perhaps the device could be created inside
the car to self
-
charge anywhere.
Research
Metamaterials
: Wireless Power
Gizmag.com
Noel
McKeegan
May 25, 2011
Research
Artificially Structured
Metamaterials
May Boost Wireless Power Transfer
Sciencedaily.com
March 12, 2012
How the charging cycle works through the flow of electricity and wireless power.
Current electric automobile charging device; can someday have the
charger at a further distance.
Pictures
Wireless Charging
Metamaterials
Google.com
Applications of
Metamaterials
: Holographic
Images
•
Artificial structuring is represented by diffractive
optics, which control a wave through multilevel
diffractive devices.
•
Gerchberg
-
Saxton iterative algorithm
•
Relationship between complex transmittance and of the
hologram and the far
-
field image generated
•
Iteratively adjusts the constraints in the hologram and the
image to focus.
•
Metamaterials
are crucial for holographic images
because of the metal inclusions that are strong
scatterers
of electromagnetic waves and provide a
large electric polarization.
•
Provides a magnetic response and controlled
anistrophy
(directional dependence of waves)
Process Flow for the
fabrication of the
multilayer
metamaterial
hologram
Research and Photo:
Infrared
metamaterial
phase holograms
Stephane
Larouche
, Yu
-
Ju
Tsai, et al.
Nature Materials 11, 450
-
454 (2012)
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3278
18 March 2012
Artistic rendering of a
section of
metamaterial
hologram demonstrating
the various
metamaterial
elements used. The
hologram consists of
three layers of gold
elements in a SiO2 matrix
over a
Ge
substrate.
Photo: Rendering
“Infrared
metamaterial
phase holograms”
http://nextbigfuture.com/2012/03/infrared
-
metamaterial
-
phase
-
holograms.html#more
Applications of
Metamaterials
: Holographic
Images
•
Could render perfect holograms on
a 2D display.
•
So accurate that you can
look into it
with binoculars and still not be able
to tell it’s a
holographic image.
•
Infrared region (10.6 micrometers)
•
Can be applied to
videogames,
television, military, graphics in
general
Research:
Infrared
metamaterial
phase holograms
Stephane
Larouche
, Yu
-
Ju
Tsai, et al.
Nature Materials 11, 450
-
454 (2012)
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3278
18 March 2012
A fantasy hologram from the
Star Wars franchise
; an idea of
how holograms could eventually look.
Duke University’s
metametarials
hologram; the E was not formed due to grazing incidence.
Bottom Picture:
Nature.com
Top Picture:
Google.com
Holograms
Applications of
Metamaterials
: Terahertz
Biosensors
•
Can identify a chemical or
biochemical molecular
composition even very minute
amounts
•
Increased sensitivity and
facilitated readout
•
Sense the dielectric properties of a
sample in the terahertz frequency
range
Research and Picture:
Metamaterials
Application in Sensing
Tao Chen,
Suyan
Li,
Hui
Sun
www.mdpi.com
DOI: 10.3390/s120302742
29 February 2012
(
a
) Schematic
of the micrometer
-
sized
metamaterial
resonators sprayed on
paper substrates with a
predefined
microstencil
; (
b
) Photograph of a paper
-
based terahertz
metamaterial
sample; (
c
) Optical microscopy image of one
portion of
a paper
metamaterial
sample.
Applications of Metamaterials: Biosensors
•
Biosensors : disease diagnostics,
environmental monitoring, food
safety, and investigation of
biological phenomena
•
Used to improve the sensor
selectivity of detecting nonlinear
substances
•
Can improve the mechanical,
optical and electromagnetic
properties of sensors
Research
Metamaterials Application in Sensing
Tao Chen,
Suyan
Li,
Hui
Sun
www.mdpi.com
DOI: 10.3390/s120302742
29 February 2012
•
Need for
bioanalytical
sensing techniques that can
directly detect the target molecules without labeling
•
Technologies based on
metamaterials
provide cost
-
efficient and label
-
free
biomolecule
detection
Image:
"
Biosensing
Using Gold
Nanorod
Metamaterials."
All About Biosensors
.
N.p
.,
n.d
. Web. 06 Apr. 2013.
Allows to detect
analytes
(biomolecules) in volumes
down to
attoliters
; single particle measurements
probe the local environment around one specific
particle.
TEM micrographs of gold
nanorods
with mean
aspect ratio 2.8.
Applications of Metamaterials:
Communication
•
Need to keep the antenna size
within specific size or foot print
•
Metamaterials used to minimize
surface waves arising from micro
strip patch antennas
•
Goal: Increase the gain of the
micro strip antenna while
maintaining its low attractive, low
profile features
Research
Metamaterials Application in Sensing
Tao Chen,
Suyan
Li,
Hui
Sun
www.mdpi.com
DOI: 10.3390/s120302742
29 February 2012
•
Magnetic superstrates that use split ring
resonators (MSRR) inclusions
•
The MSRR unit cell is to have
POSITIVE values for the
effective permeability and
permittivity at the
resonance frequency of the
antenna
Shows the gain of the micro strip antenna before
and after using the artificial magnetic
superstrate
.
The gain improved by 3.4 dB at the resonance
frequency after using the engineered
superstrate
.
This means the efficiency of the antenna at the
operating frequency of 2.2GHz increased by 17%
due to the
metamaterial
superstrate
.
A planar 10X10 array of MSRRS was printed on the hose dielectric layer to provide the engineered magnetic
material. The
superstrates
used here consists of 3 layers of printed magnetic inclusions, separated by 2 mm of
air layers.
Images :
O. M.
Ramahi
, M. S.
Boybay
, O.
Siddiqui
, L.
Yousefi
, A.
Kabiri
,
Hussein
Attia
, M. Bait
-
Suwailam
and Z.
Ren
, "Metamaterials: An Enabling
Technology for Wireless Communications,"
Proceeding of International Conference on Communication Technologies ICCT2010,
Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia, Jan. 18
-
20, 2010
Applications of
Metamaterials
: Superconductors
•
Often made of
niobium
Research:
From
metamaterials
to
metadevices
Nikolay
I.
Zheludev
and Yuri S.
Kivshar
Nature Materials 11, 917
-
924 (2012)
DOI: 10.1038/nmat3431
23 October 2012
Top Picture
Periodictable.com
Bottom Picture:
Terahertz
nonliner
superconducting
metamaterial
Apl.aip.org
•
Limited to microwave and terahertz
spectral domains
•
Switch from
plasmonic
excitations to
quantum excitations
•
Can control magnetic fields
•
Provide lower losses with better sensitivity
Diagram of a terahertz
metamaterial
superconductor.
Periodic table data for
Niobum
Assessment of
Metamaterials
•
Cost
efficient
•
Low cost manufacturing
•
Less
bulky, planar structure
•
Can affect many different types of
waves: optical, acoustic, heat, infrared,
magnetic field, electric
•
Unlimited combinations with other
materials
•
Unlimited possibilities with a structure
that adapts to external stimuli
Picture:
Google.com
A man wearing a
metamaterial
shirt that allows him to appear
translucent.
Metamaterials with unique mechanical properties. A team
there has designed materials with “negative compressibility”
that in theory will compress when they are pulled and expand
when they are compressed.
Picture: Mechanical Properties
“New ‘Mechanical
Metamaterial
’ Expands When You Compress It, Shrinks When
your Stretch It”
http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012
-
05/new
-
mechanical
-
metamaterial
-
expands
-
when
-
you
-
compress
-
it
-
shrinks
-
when
-
you
-
stretch
-
it
Further Suggested Research
•
Other applications
•
Future applications
•
Integration/hybridization of
metamaterials
with natural materials
•
How to improve
metamaterials
•
Commercial uses
•
More capabilities of
metamaterials
Picture:
nature.com
The many different types of
metamaterials
Conclusions
•
Negative refractive index can change
the structure of
metamaterials
•
Electricity, magnetism, light, heat can
all affect a material
•
Structures can change based on
surroundings
•
Main applications include the super
-
lens and invisibility cloak, but open
doors to many other fields and
possibilities.
Picture:
Metamaterials
Google.com
A
metamaterial
that could allow wireless power transmission.
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