Ontology
-
based
Conceptual Modeling of Military
Mission S
pace
s
Haeran Kang*,
Young Min Bae*
*, Kyong
-
Ho Lee*, Young Hoon Lee**
and
Jai
-
Jeong Pyun
***
*Dept
.
of Computer Science
**Dept
.
of Information & Industrial Engineering
Yonsei University
,
134, Shinch
on
-
dong, Sudaemoon
-
ku, Seoul, 120
-
749, Korea
.
***
5
th
R&D Institute
Yuseong P.O Box 35, Daejeon, 305
-
600 Korea
.
hrkang@icl.yonsei.ac.kr
,
miso517@yonsei.ac.kr
,
khlee@cs.yonsei.ac.kr
,
youngh@yonsei.ac.kr
jjpyun@add.re.kr
Keywords:
Conceptual
m
odeling
;
m
ission
s
pace
m
odel;
military o
ntology;
t
ask
o
ntology;
CMMS.
Abstract
In order t
o improve
the
interoperability and reusability of
future defense models and simulations
, the
Conceptual
Models of the Mission Space
-
Korea (CMMS
-
K)
is being
developed.
CMMS
-
K is an ontology
-
based conceptual
modeling f
ramework
for
military
mission space
s
.
This
paper proposes a semantic language for describing a
mission space model (MSM) as a main component of
CMMS
-
K.
A
MSM is a
conceptual
model for
military
business
process
es
and scenarios
.
Compared to
previous
approach
es, t
he proposed MSM description language
is
designed to
maximize
the
interoperability and reusability
of
MSMs.
Specifically
,
i
t
provides a scheme to represent
military
scenarios
meaningfully
with domain ontologies
,
which consist of entity and task ontolog
ies
.
A
MSM
may be
composed of
an
atomic process
(action)
and/or
a
composite
process.
The proposed method
identifies and reuses military
actions
and
tasks
, which play a critical role in military
scenarios,
through the proposed task ontology. A task is
defin
ed as a composition of actions conducted by the same
subject.
To show the expressivity of
the proposed MSM
description language
, a case study on a
close air support
scenario
is illustrated
.
1.
I
NTRODUCTION
The use of modeling and simulation in the military
domain
is increasing.
An efficient
method
of
acquir
ing
,
representing,
and maintain
ing
domain
knowledge with the minimum
effort is
required
.
Particularly
,
the utilization of conceptual
models facilitates
the interoperability and reusability of
simulation mo
dels
in modeling and simulation
.
Principle
efforts in the
conceptual modeling
of
military
mission space
s
include t
he Conceptual Models of the
Mission Space (CMMS) [1] of
the
American
Defense
Modeling and Simulation Office
and the
Defen
s
e
Conceptual Modelli
ng Framework
(DCMF)
[2~4] of the
Swedish Defen
s
e Research Agency (FOI).
They
are
ontology
-
based conceptual modeling frameworks in the
military domain.
Th
e
overall objectives
of
CMMS and DCMF
are to
capture authori
z
ed knowledge of military operations; to
ma
nage, model and structure the obtained knowledge in an
u
nambiguous way; and to preserve and maintain the
structured knowledge for future reuse.
However, i
t
is
revealed that
some
specifications of CMMS
are
vague
in
published materials
and some part of DCMF
such as its
process description language
still
has
a lot of room for
improvement.
In order t
o
support
the
semantic
interoperability and
reusability of simulation
models
, we are developing the
Conceptual Models of the Mission Space
-
Korea (CMMS
-
K)
.
CMMS
-
K is
an ontology
-
based conceptual modeling
framework
for
military
mission space
s
.
In addition to the overall introduction to CMMS
-
K, we
propose a semantic language for describing a mission space
model (MSM) as a main component of CMMS
-
K. A MSM
is a conceptual
model for military business processes and
scenarios. It is a simulation and implementation
-
independent description of the real world entities and
processes in the military domain, which can be used as a
frame of reference for simulation development.
BOM++
[5], the representative MSM description
language proposed by FOI, provides two alternative
methods to extend
the Basic Object Model (BOM)
.
BOM
is
a Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization
(SISO) standard and encapsulates information needed to
de
scribe a simulation component.
T
he first
method extends
the
BOM schema
structure and
refer
s
to an external
ontology.
In t
he
second one, an independent BOM++
ontology is
proposed based on
OWL
-
S [6]
.
OWL
-
S is a de
facto standard for describing the semantic i
nformation of
Web services. The service model of OWL
-
S is used to
compose component
processe
s to perform a composite
business process
.
Compared to
previous
approaches, the proposed MSM
description language
is designed to
maximize
the
interoperability and
reusability
of MSMs.
Specifically
,
it
provides a scheme to represent
military
scenarios
meaningfully with domain ontologies, which consist of
entity and task ontologies
.
A
MSM
may be
composed of
an
atomic process
(action) and/or a
composite process
with th
e
adoption of the
control and
data flow mechanism of OWL
-
S.
Unlike
the
conceptual models of general
domains which
are object
-
oriented or object
-
centered
,
conceptual model
ing
in the
military
scenarios
should be
action
-
centric.
However,
previous
approaches
have limitation
in terms of
describ
ing
military actions sophisticatedly
and reus
ing them
systematically.
The proposed method identifies and reuses military
actions and tasks, which play a critical role in military
scenarios. T
his paper
proposes
a task onto
logy as a
component of CMMS
-
K to represent and reuse actions and
behaviors. Specifically, the task ontology provides a scheme
for representing domain
knowledge
about an action or a
task, which is a group of actions performed by the same
subject.
Furthermor
e, the conceptual modeling of
MSM
s
based on the predefined
set of
actions and tasks would
permit the semantic interoperability and reusability of
military
simulation models.
To assess the feasibility of the proposed
conceptual
modeling approach, the paper
illustrates a case study on
developing a conceptual model for close air support
scenarios
. From the case study, it is found that our approach
expresses mission space models effectively.
The
rest of th
is
paper is
organized
as follows.
Section 2
introduces
t
he overview of CMMS
-
K. Secti
on 3 describes
the proposed
domain
ontologies
, which
represent the
semantic hierarchy of
nouns and verbs in military scenarios
.
Section 4
explains the proposed
MSM
description language
in more detail
. Section 5
shows the feasibi
lity of the
proposed MSM
description
language with
a case study on a
close air support scenario.
Finally, conclusions and future
works
are summarized in Section 6.
2.
CMMS
-
K O
VERVIEW
CMMS
-
K
is a standardized conceptual modeling
framework for
military missio
n space
s
. Its goal
is to
improve the interoperability, reusability and composability
of future simulation models. CMMS
-
K is being developed
through a
research project of the Agency for Defense
Development (ADD)
of South
Korea.
CMMS
-
K
consists of domain on
tologies (entity and
task), a MSM description language, a MSM modeling
method, and a CMMS
-
K management system (see Table 1).
To represent the know
ledge of military domain, the entity
and task ontologies, which
support the semantic
interoperability among si
mulation models
,
are designed
.
Entity and tas
k ontologies conceptually model
nouns
and verbs in the military domain, respectively. By using
Table 1
.
CMMS
-
K main components
Component
Description
Entity
ontolog
y
Specif
ies
reusable
military entities
such as
organization, personnel,
facility, etc.
Task ontology
Specifies reusable actions and tasks
MSM description
language
Describes process
es
u
s
ing
components of
domain ontologies
MSM modeling
method
D
isplays
guidelines for conceptual
modeling and provides gr
aphical
user interface
CMMS
-
K
management
system
Stores and retrieves conceptual
models
entity and task ontologies, reusable units of nouns and verbs
can be predefined and reused. MSMs can be dynamically
modeled utilizing these predefined reusable compon
ents of
entity and task ontologies. More information about CMMS
main components is described in our previous paper [7].
Figure
1
.
Storing and searching
for
conceptual model
s
The process of storing and searching
for
conceptual
models using the CMMS
-
K ma
nagement system is shown
in
Figure
1
.
A MSM provider describes
MSM
s
using
domain ontologies.
To share MSMs, the service provider
stores the
MSM
descriptio
n
s in the CMMS
-
K directory. A
MSM requester specifies her
(his)
needs using domain
ontol
og
ies
. The
use
r requirement
is represented with a
semantic template based on domain ontologies.
An example
data flow among CMMS
-
K components
and their rel
ationships are shown in
Figure 2
. Th
e data flow
of CMMS
-
K is
developed based on
DCMF.
The explanation
of the task on
tology is d
escribed in detail in Section 3
.2
.
3.
CMMS
-
K DOMAIN ONTOLOGIES
The ontology
configuration
of CM
MS
-
K is shown in Figure
3.
T
he structure of our domain ontologies is shown in
Figure 4. The entity
ontologies are used in the task ontology.
Domain
ont
ologies are
described
in the
form of
Web
Ontology Language (OWL)
[8].
Figure 2.
The data flow and relationship among CMMS
-
K main components
Figure 3.
CMMS
-
K
ontology
configuration
3.1 CMMS
-
K Entity Ontology
The proposed entity ontology is divided
into Organization,
Facility, Materiel, Personnel and Location as shown in
Figure 4.
The proposed
entity
ontology has been built by
applying Methontology
[
9
], which is one of the prominent
ontology development methodologies.
Methontology includes
a
proces
s for the ontology
development
and the techniques required at each stage
of
the process
.
The
ontology development process
of
Methontology
consists of five steps: specification,
conceptualization, formalization, implementation, and
maintenance
.
Methontology
further divides the
conceptualization step into eleven phases and provides
de
tailed guidelines of each phase
.
Figure 4.
The structure of CMMS
-
K domain ontologies
A few phases of conceptualization step for CMMS
-
K
entity
ontology
is illustrated
as follo
ws.
(1)
To b
uild
the
glossary of terms
.
We
built
a glossary
including all terms related to the domain
and
their
synonyms and acronyms.
Figure 5.
An excerpt from
the concept taxo
nomy graph in
our materiel ontology
(2)
To
Build concept taxonomies
.
We
built
a hi
erarchy
between concepts in the
glossary of terms
(see Figure
5).
(3)
To b
uild ad hoc binary relatio
ns
.
In this
step, ad hoc
binary
relationships between concepts are illustrated
(see Table 2
)
.
Table 2.
An excerpt from
the ad ho
c binary relations in our
entit
y
ontology
Concept
Relation
Concept
A
rtillery battalion
support
Task force
is supported by
Squadron
command
Fighter
is commanded by
Master control and
reporting c
enter
command
Squadron
is commanded by
3.2 CMMS
-
K Task Ontology
This
section
de
scribes
the proposed task ontology which is
o
ne of
the
domain ontolog
ies of
CMMS
-
K
.
A
ction
s play a
critical role
for describing
military
simulation
scenario
s.
This paper define
s a group of actions performed
by the
same subje
ct as a task. The proposed task
ontology
describe
s information about a
ctions and tasks, both of
which
are reusable units.
There exist
groups of actions
which are used together frequently in military scenarios.
T
he proposed t
ask ontology allows
us to store and reuse
these groups of action
s.
The task ontology is composed of actions (atomic
processes
), t
asks (AKA
composite processes), control
constructs, parameter bindings, and properties among
actions and tasks
. An action is a minimum unit of activity
which constitutes a task. A task is a g
roup of actions
conducted by the sam
e subject to fulfill a mission.
Missions
, military goals,
could be classified
from ones
of strategic national
level to ones of tactical level according
to their performers. Th
is mission classification is developed
referr
ing
to the
Universal Joint Task List
(U
J
T
L) [10]. For
example, strategic national
mission
s are conducted by
t
h
e
h
igh
est
level commander
s
such as a chairman of t
he joint
chiefs of staffs and
tactical level mission
s are
carried out by
low level personnel suc
h as soldiers.
The proposed task on
tology is layered following the
mission classification. The task ontology is four
-
layered:
Strategic Nationals
(SN),
Strategic Theater
(ST),
Operations
(OP) and Tactical (
TA
) as shown in
Figure 6
.
Dependency
relation
ships
m
ight
exist
between tasks in
different layers. If
Task
1
of Layer
1
depends on Task
2
of
Layer
2
and
the definition of
Task
2
is modifi
ed, the definition
of
Task
1
must be modifie
d.
For instance
, SN task
l
depends
on ST task
m
. Thus, to change the definition of
S
N task
l
,
the
definition of
ST task
m
must be also changed
.
The
proposed
tactical task ontology
, which is being
developed,
is based on the Korean tactical
task
list. The
Korean tactical task list consists of ma
neuver, intelligence,
fire,
c
ombat
s
ervice
s
uppo
rt
, co
mmand and control, and
defense.
Therefore, the top level tasks of the tactical task
ontology are
classified into the corresponding classes:
maneuver, intelligence, fire
, c
ombat
s
ervice
s
upport
,
command and control, and defense.
4.
CONCEPTUAL MODELING O
F MIL
ITARY
MISSION SPACES
This
section
focuses on
the proposed MSM modeling
approach.
A MSM is a military process model.
To describe
a MSM, CMMS
-
K utilizes predefined reusable units in the
entity and task ontologies. Using the predefined static
informatio
n, a MSM could be described dynamically
according to the change of circumstances and user needs.
The proposed MSM d
escription language is shown
in
Figure 7.
The MSM description language consists of
processes (atomic, simple, composite), control constructs
,
parameter bindings, and properties among MSM
components.
In this paper
, a MSM
may
consist
of atomic process
(action), simple process
,
and
/or
composite process. This
process hierarchy is based on
the
OWL
-
S [6] service model.
An a
tomic process
correspond
s
to t
he process
a
service can
perform by engaging it
in a single interaction
.
A c
omposite
process
indicates a process
that require
s
multi
-
step
protocols and/or multiple server actions
.
A process is d
ecomposable into other (noncomposite or
composite) process
es
. A process can
be viewed at different
levels of granularity, either as a primitive, undecomposable
process or as a composite process
. In the former case
, a
simple process can be used to represent it
.
Figure
6
.
The four
-
layer of task ontology
Fig
ure
7
.
The
proposed MSM description language
A
simple process may be used either to provide a view
of (a specialized way of using) some atomic process, or a
simplified representation of some
composite process (for
a
purpose
of planning and reasoning). In
the former case, the
simple process is
realized
b
y
the atomic process; in the
latter case, the simple process
expands
t
o
the composite
process
[6].
The proposed MSM description language utilizes
control constructs and parameter bindings of OWL
-
S. The
mai
n properties of atomic and composite process
es
in
our
MSM description language are
represented in Table
s
3
and
4, respectively
.
Table 3.
The main properties of atomic process in the
proposed MSM description language
P
roperty
Description
Range
hasActivity
a verb which
constitutes
an
action
verb
hasSubject
a subject which
(who) performs an
action
organi
z
ation
or personnel
hasDirectObject
a direct object
(action)
of an
action
object or
action
hasIndirectObject
an indirect object
of an action
object
usesR
esource
resource which a
subject uses to
perform an action
object
takesPlaceInLocation
a place where a
subject performs an
action
location
hasI
nput
input information
which is necessary
for a subject to
perform an action
input
parameter
hasP
recondition
a
condition which
must be true before
a subject performs
an action
precondition
hasO
utput
output information
which is generated
as a result of that a
subject performs an
action
output
parameter
hasE
ffect
an effect that
occurs as a result
of that a subject
performs an action
effect
Table
4
.
The main properties of composite process in the
proposed MSM description language
P
roperty
Description
Range
hasSubject
a subject which (who)
performs a composite
process
organi
z
ati
o
n
or person
nel
hasActionList
ac
tions which constitute
a composite process
action
hasPurpose
a purpose of performing
a composite process
object
hasDuration
duration while a subject
performs a composite
process
d
uration
hasPrecondition
a condition which must
be true before a subject
pe
rforms a composite
process
precondition
hasEffect
an effect that occurs as a
result of that a subject
performs a composite
process
effect
d
ependsOn
another composite
process whose definition
must be modifi
ed if a
composite process
definition
is modifi
ed
composite
process
usesResource
resource which a subject
uses to perform a
composite process
object
hasI
nput
information which is
necessary for a subject
to perform a composite
process
input
parameter
hasO
utput
information which is
generated as a result
of
that a subject performs a
composite process
output
parameter
T
he
main properties of atomic and composite process in
the proposed MSM description language
provide
grammar
s
that can express more
meaningful
information
in military
simulation scenarios
th
an previous military conceptual
models.
For instance, t
he
pro
pert
y such as
‘
dependsOn
’
,
‘
hasDuration
’
and
‘
hasEffect
’
express the dependency
relationships between composite process, duration and
effect of the composite process, which
cannot be expressed
w
ith p
revious
military
conceptual models
such
as BOM++
.
In addition
, action propert
ies
‘hasIndirectObject’,
‘takesPlaceInLocation’ and ‘hasEffect
’
describe an indirect
object, location and effect of an actio
n
,
respectively
,
which
are not expressable with
BO
M++
.
5.
Case Study
: Close Air Support
(CAS)
This
section
illustrate
s
an
example CAS scenario
using the
proposed MSM description language
based on the task
ontology.
Figure 8
.
Example CAS scenario
1. Unit detects target.
2. Unit decides to request CAS.
3.
Unit passes CAS request to commander of squadron.
4. Commander of squadron coordinates with ground
center commander.
5. Commander of squadron commands to scramble
aircraft if there is no on
-
call aircraft.
6. Commander of squadron commands to scramble
CAS
if there is on
-
call aircraft.
7. Commander of squadron commands to send aircraft
to a control/contact point.
8. Approaching the control/contact point, pilot contacts
to commander of squadron to receive briefing.
9. Pilot bombs on target.
Figure 8
shows
an example
CAS scenario [1
1
] wh
ile
CAS scenarios
could
be described in
various forms in a real
world.
Table 5
shows
the
actions and tasks
extracted from
the
example CAS scenario
.
Table 5
.
A
ctions
and tasks
which constitute the example
CAS scenario
in
Fig
ure 8
TASK ‘Target detection and CAS request’
䅃qf低l
‘Target detection’
䅃qf低l
‘CAS request decision’
䅃qf低l
‘CAS request’
TASK ‘Coordination and aircraft sending’
䅃qf低l
‘Coordination’
䅃qf低l
‘Aircraft scrambling command’
䅃qf低l
‘CAS scrambling command’
䅃qf低l
‘Aircraft sending command’
TASK ‘Receiving briefing and target bombing’
䅃qf低l
‘Receiving briefing’
䅃qf低l
‘Target bombing’
CMMS
-
K
adopt
s
control constructs
and parameter
bindings of OWL
-
S when
describ
ing
MSMs. Figure 9
shows a MSM diagram repres
entin
g the example CAS
scenario
utilizing
the actions and tasks
in Table 5
.
In
Figure 9
,
control construct
‘
sequence
’
is used to
connect actions and tasks. Control construct
‘
if
-
then
-
else
’
is
used to connect
action ‘Aircraft scrambling command’ a
nd
action
‘CAS scrambling command’
.
If there is no on
-
call
aircraft, action ‘Aircraft scrambling co
mmand’ is performed
.
Otherwise,
action ‘CAS scrambling command’ is carried out.
Figure 9
.
MSM diagram of the example CAS scenario
in
Figure 8
Using
the
parameter b
i
nding
mechanism
of OWL
-
S
, the
following
information
could be described. In compo
site
processes, the input to
a
process com
ponent can be obtained
from
the outputs of a preceding step, or the outputs of a
composite process may be derived from outputs of some
of
its components [6].
The MSM description language of CMMS
-
K utilizes
the
parameter binding
grammar of OWL
-
S
to describe
the
data
flow
of a MSM
. As shown in
Table 6
,
output ‘Target
info
rmation’ of action ‘
Target detection
’
becomes
input
‘
Target informati
on
’
o
f action ‘
CAS request decision
’
.
O
utput ‘CAS
request information’ of action ‘
CAS request
’
is
also
used as input
‘
CAS request information
’
of action
‘
Coordination
’
, action
‘
Aircraft scrambling command
’
,
action
‘
CAS scrambling command
’
, action
‘
Receivin
g
briefing
’
and action
‘
Target bombing
’
.
6.
C
ONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
There is growing
importance of a conceptual m
odel which
improve
s
the
i
nteroperability
, reusability and composability
of simul
ation models
. Thus,
this paper presents
CMMS
-
K
,
which is an
ontology
-
based
conceptual modeling framework
of military mission spaces.
The kernel of CMMS
-
K is a MSM, a military process
model. The main contribution of this paper is the proposed
MSM description language which
expresses
more
meaningful information in m
ilitary simulation scenarios
than previous approaches. The MSM description language
of CMMS
-
K adopts control and data flow mechanism of
OWL
-
S.
Military
scenario
s are
action
-
cent
ric. Thus, the proposed
task ontology predefines
action
s and
task
s, both of whi
ch
are reusable units. This paper defines a
group of actions
carried out by the same subject as a task. The task ontology
provides a scheme to describe actions and tasks
systematically and exquisitely
which is absent in previous
conceptual models in the mi
litary domain
.
Utilizing the task
ontology,
action
groups of
the same subject
could be stored
and reused
.
Table 6
.
Parameter bindings in the example CAS scenario
in Figure 8
To show the feasibility of the proposed conceptual
model
ing approach, this paper illustrate
s a case study on
developing a conceptual model from close air support
scenarios
.
I
t is found that our approach describes mission
space models systematically and effectively.
In the future, we will extend our conceptual model
s that
they
represent abundant meaningful contents of the military
domain. Our team will al
so develop a MSM model
ing tool
and
a
CMMS
-
K manag
ement system for storing and
searching
for
conceptual models.
Acknowledgement
This work was
supported by Defense Acquisition Program
Administration and
Agency for Defense Development under
the contract (UD110006MD
).
References
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[2]
FOI
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[
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[
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[1
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.
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