Chapter 3:
Planning Network
Protocols
and Compatibility
Protocol
A protocol consists of guidelines for:
How data is formatted into discrete
units called packets and frames
How packets and frames are transmitted
across one or more networks
How packets and frames are interpreted
at the receiving end
Packets and Frames
Packets and frames are units of data
transmitted from one networked
computer or device to another.
Although packets and frames are
often used to have the same meaning,
there is a difference. Packets
operate at a higher communication
layer and contain routing information.
General Sections in Packets
and Frames
Header
Data
Trailer or footer
Packet and Frame Format
Figure 3
-
1 Basic packet and frame format
Network Design
The basic design of a network is its
topology
Topology: The physical layout of the
cable and the logical path followed by
network packets and frames sent on
the cable
Local Area Network
Local area network (LAN): Joins
computers, printers, and other
computer equipment within a limited
service area and generally employs
only one topology
Example of a LAN
Figure 3
-
2 A LAN in a building
Metropolitan Area Network
Metropolitan area network (MAN): A
network that links multiple LANs
within a large city or metropolitan
area
Example of a MAN
Research hospital
University chemistry
building
Pharmaceutical company
MAN connecting buildings in a city
Enterprise Network
Enterprise Network: A network that often reaches throughout
a large area, such as a college campus, a city, or across several
states. A distinguishing factor of an enterprise network is that
it brings together an array of network resources such as many
kinds of servers, mainframes, printers, network devices,
intranets, and the Internet
Typical Resources in an
Enterprise Network
Figure 3
-
3
Resources in an
enterprise network
Wide Area Network
Wide Area Network (WAN): A far
-
reaching system of networks that can
extend across state lines and across
continents
Example of a WAN
WAN across a continent
Network Interface Card
Communication Medium Options
Coaxial cable (thick and thinnet)
Twisted
-
pair (shielded and
unshielded)
Fiber
-
optic
Wireless (infrared, radio wave,
microwave, satellite)
Connecting a Medium to a
NIC
Figure 3
-
4 Connecting cable to a NIC
Device Address
Each NIC has a physical or device
address that is burned into a PROM
on the card
Media access control (MAC) address
is another way of describing the
device address
Ethernet and Token Ring
Ethernet: A network transport
system that uses a carrier sensing
and collision detection method to
regulate data transmissions
Token ring: A network transport
method that uses a token, which is
passed from node to node, to
coordinate data transmissions
NDIS
Network Driver Interface Specification
(NDIS):
developed by Microsoft and 3COM
enables communication between a NIC and a
protocol
enables the use of multiple protocols on the
same network
NDIS Architecture
Figure 3
-
5 Binding a protocol to a NIC
ODI
Open Datalink Interface (ODI)
driver:
Novell NetWare
transport multiple protocols on the same
network
Microsoft
-
Supported
Communication Protocols
Microsoft
-
Supported
Protocols
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
portion performs extensive error
checking to ensure that data is
delivered successfully
Internet Protocol (IP) portion
consists of rules for packaging data
and ensuring that it reaches the
correct destination address
Dotted Decimal Notation
Dotted Decimal Notation:
four octets
100000110.11011110.1100101.00000101
converted to decimal (e.g., 134.22.101.005)
Unicasting and Multicasting
Unicast
sent to each client
e.g. a multimedia presentation
Multicast
sent to all requesting clients as a group
(reducing the total network traffic)
Unicasting and
Multicasting Compared
Figure 3
-
6 Unicasting compared to multicasting
Subnet Mask
Subnet mask:
used to indicate the class of addressing
on a network
divides a network into subnetworks
controls traffic and enforce security
Configuring the IP Address
and Subnet Mask
Figure 3
-
7 IP address and subnet mask setup
Static and Dynamic
Addressing
Dynamic addressing:
automatically assigning an IP address to
a network host
Static addressing:
manually assigning an IP address to a
network host
TCP/IP Advantages
Well
-
suited for medium and large networks
Designed for routing
high degree of reliability
Used worldwide for directly connecting to
the Internet and by Web servers
Enables lower TCO on Microsoft networks
TCP/IP Advantages
Compatible with standard tools for
analyzing network performance
Parallel ability to use DHCP and WINS
through a Windows 2000 server
Ability for diverse networks and operating
systems to communicate
Compatible with Microsoft Windows
Sockets
TCP/IP Disadvantages
More difficult to set up and maintain
than other protocols
Somewhat slower than IPX/SPX and
NetBEUI on networks with light to
medium traffic
Routing via TCP/IP
Figure 3
-
8
Router forwarding
packets to a
designated network
Planning Tip
For medium and large sized networks,
plan to use TCP/IP because it enables
you to manage and secure network
traffic through creating subnets
Protocols and Applications
in the TCP/IP Suite
Protocols and Applications
in the TCP/IP Suite
Protocols and Applications
in the TCP/IP Suite
Protocols and Applications
in the TCP/IP Suite
Protocols and Applications
in the TCP/IP Suite
IPX/SPX
IPX:
developed by Novell
particularly for NetWare versions before
version 5
SPX:
connection
-
oriented protocol used for
network transport when there is a
particular need for data reliability
NWLink
A network protocol that simulates
the IPX/SPX protocol for Microsoft
Windows 95, 98, NT, and 2000
communications with Novell NetWare
file servers and compatible devices
Client Service for
NetWare (CSNW)
Components
Client Service for NetWare
NWLink IPX/SPX
NWLink NetBIOS
CSNW Installed in
Windows 2000
Figure 3
-
9 Windows 2000 with CSNW components installed
Configuring NWLink
Configure three elements:
Frame type
Network number
Internal network number
When to Configure the
Internal Network Number
When the NetWare server that is
accessed uses two or more frame
types
When the Windows 2000 host has
two or more NICs and NWLink is
bound to more than one of the NICs
When an application uses NetWare’s
Service Advertising Protocol (SAP)
When to Use NWLink
To access a NetWare server
pre
-
version 5
To set up Windows 2000 as a gateway
to a NetWare server
To enable NetWare clients to access
a Windows 2000 server
Planning Tip
If you upgrade NetWare servers to
version 5.x or higher, convert from
IPX/SPX to TCP/IP for better
network communication options and
better compatibility with Windows
2000 servers
NetBIOS
A combination software interface and
network naming convention
Available in Windows 2000 through
the files Netbt.sys, NetBIOS.sys,
and NetBIOS.dll
NetBEUI
NetBIOS Extended User Interface
(NetBEUI): A non
-
routable communications
protocol native to early Microsoft network
communications
NetBEUI and NetBIOS
Communication
Figure 3
-
10
NetBIOS/NetBEUI
communication
Planning Tip
When you upgrade from Windows NT
Server to Windows 2000 Server, plan to
retire NetBEUI implementations (if
possible) and convert upgraded servers and
clients to TCP/IP for more functionality
When to Use NetBEUI
For temporary backward compatibility
when converting from Windows NT Server
to Windows 2000 Server
For small networks that do not have
Internet access, that do not use the Active
Directory, that do not use routing, and that
require only a basic installation
For backward compatibility with particular
applications
DLC
Data Link Control (DLC) protocol:
Enables communication with older
IBM mainframes and minicomputers,
and with some older HP print server
cards
When to Use DLC
To connect to IBM and other
computers that use Systems Network
Architecture (SNA) communications
To connect to older peripheral
devices, such as printers that use
DLC
AppleTalk
AppleTalk: A peer
-
to
-
peer protocol
used in network communication
between Macintosh computers
Windows 2000 Server Services for
Macintosh include:
File Server for Macintosh (MacFile)
Print Server for Macintosh (MacPrint)
AppleTalk protocol
When to Use AppleTalk
Use AppleTalk to enable Macintosh
clients to connect to Windows 2000
Server
Binding Order
Establishes the protocol that will be
tried first in a network communication
(or a communication with a network
printer)
Troubleshooting Tip
If network performance is slow and
your network uses multiple protocols
change the binding order
Network Planning
Considerations
Size and purpose of the organization
Potential growth
Proportion of mission
-
critical
applications
Role of the network to the mission of
the organization
Network Planning
Considerations
Security needs
Budget
Internet and intranet requirements
Interconnectivity requirements
Planning Tip
Begin network planning by
understanding:
User needs
Important business processes
Current resources
Potential growth
Considerations in Selecting
the Right Protocol(s)
Routing needs
Size of the network in terms of
connections
Presence of Windows 2000 servers
Considerations in Selecting
the Right Protocol(s)
Presence of mainframes and other
computers that use SNA
Presence of NetWare servers
Access to the Internet or intranets
Presence of mission
-
critical and
multimedia applications
The End
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