RFID I
System and Features
2
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
Schedule
8:15
-
9:00
9:15
-
10:00
10:15
-
11:00
11:10
-
11:55
Week 1
Fundamentals of wireless
communications. 1
Fundamentals of wireless
communications. 1
Fundamentals of wireless
communications. 1
Week 2
Introduction to
Exercises
Fundamentals of wireless
communications. 2
Fundamentals of wireless
communications. 2
Fundamentals of wireless
communications. 2
Week 3
Fundamentals of wireless
communications. 3
Fundamentals of wireless
communications. 3
Fundamentals of wireless
communications. 3
Week 4
Presentation of Ex 1/ 1
Presentation of Ex 1/2
WLAN
-
1
WLAN
-
1
Week 5
WLAN
-
2
WLAN
-
2
Week 6
Introduction
-
Second Exercise
Presentation of Ex 1
-
Combination Task
WiMAX
1
WiMAX
1
Week 7
Vehicular Networks
Vehicular Networks
Week 8
Presentation of Ex 2/1
Presentation of Ex 2/2
UWB 1
UWB 1
Week 9
Introduction
-
Third Exercise
Presentation of Ex 2
–
Combination Task
UWB 2
UWB 2
Week 10
Wrap up of Ex 2
WBAN
WBAN
Week 11
Presentation of Ex 3/1
Presentation of Ex 3/2
WPAN
WPAN
Week 12
Presentation of Ex 3
–
Combination Task
RFID 1
RFID 1
Week 13
RFID 2
RFID 2
3
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
Outline
•
Introduction
•
RFID Main Components
•
Fundamental Operating Principles
•
Multiple Access
4
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
Introduction
•
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID):
automatic identification method for storing and/or retrieving data
to/from an electronic device through radio frequency or magnetic
field variations
5
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
Introduction
•
Technology
6
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
Introduction
•
Strengths and Weaknesses
–
Strengths of RFID technology
•
Line
-
of
-
sight not required
•
Multiple tags identification
•
Long range identification feasible
•
Can read/write to tags
•
Operates in harsh environments
•
Memory to store data
•
Possibility to integrate sensors
–
Drawbacks
•
Costs
•
Unreliable under certain conditions
7
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
Introduction
•
Applications
Automatic Identification
Tracking and
Location Monitoring
Security and
Access Control
Ski ticketing
Car anti
-
theft
…
Smart shelf
Pallet tracking
Livestock identification
…
8
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
Introduction
•
New field to investigate...ubiquitous world ?!
9
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
Introduction
•
Is RFID the right technology ?
Hitachi produces the world's smallest RFID chip: mu
-
Chip
0.4 mm x 0.4 mm
Powder RFID chips next to a human hair
0.05 mm x 0.05 mm
Pictures taken from:
http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/2011/05/rfid
-
powder
-
worlds
-
smallest
-
rfid
-
tag.html
(under
Creative Commons Copyright)
10
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
Introduction
•
The Internet of Things (IoT)
•
the term IoT have been coined by a member of the
RFID
development community circa 2000
•
referred to the possibility of discovering information about a tagged
object by browsing an Internet address or database entry that
corresponds to a particular
RFID
.
•
IoT have seized on the phrase to refer to the general idea of things,
especially everyday objects, that are readable, recognizable,
locatable, addressable, and/or controllable via the Internet
—
whether via
RFID
, wireless LAN, wide
-
area network, or other
means.
Source:
http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_GIF_confreports/disruptivetech/appendix_F.pdf
11
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
Introduction
•
Technology roadmap
:
IoT
RFID tags for facilitating
routing, inventorying,
and loss prevention
Demand for expedited
logistics
Surveillance, security,
healthcare, transport, food
safety, document management
Cost reduction leading to
diffusion into 2
nd
wave of
applications
Locating people and
everyday objects
Ability of devices located
indoors to receive geolocation
signals
Teleoperation and
telepresence: Ability to
monitor and control distant
objects
Miniaturization, power
-
efficient
electronics, and available
spectrum
Software agents and
advanced sensor
fusion
Physical
-
World
Web
Ubiquitous Positioning
Vertical
-
Market Applications
Supply
-
Chain Helpers
2000
2010
2020
time
Technology
reach
Reproduced based on
http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_GIF_confreports/disruptivetech/appendix_F.pdf
(Source: SRI Consulting Business Intelligence)
12
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
Introduction
•
IoT
enabling
building blocks
–
Machine
-
to
-
machine interfaces and protocols of electronic
communication
–
Microcontrollers
–
Wireless
communication
–
RFID
technology
–
Energy
harvesting technologies
–
Sensors
–
Actuators
–
Location
technology
–
Software
Source:
http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_GIF_confreports/disruptivetech/appendix_F.pdf
13
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
-
main components
•
For the most part, RFID systems comprise three
principal components:
–
Reader(s)
–
Transponder or tag(s)
–
Host/Application/Middleware
14
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
-
main components
15
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
–
Frequency Bands
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
100K
1M
10M
100M
1G
10G
Frequency (Hz)
inductive
radiative
16
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
–
Frequency Bands
Frequency
125/134 KHz
13.56 MHz
860
-
960 MHz
2.45 GHz
•
Access Control
•
Animal Tracking
• Often used for vehicle
identification.
Can be used globally
without a license.
Sometimes referred to
as LowFID.
•
Smart Cards
•
Smart shelve tags for
item level tracking
•
Library Books
•
Airline Baggage
•
Maintenance data
logging
•
Electronic ticketing
•
Contactless payment
•
Access control
•
Garment tracking
•
Pallet tracking
•
Carton Tracking
•
Electronic toll collection
•
Parking lot access
EPC standard built around
this frequency.
This band cannot be accessed
globally and there are
significant restrictions on its
use. When it is used, it is
often used for asset
management, container
tracking, baggage tracking,
etc.
• Airline Baggage
• Electronic toll collection
• Used for long range
tracking and with active
tags
Typical Applications
17
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
-
Reader
•
Reader
–
Different frequency ranges
–
Conform to different standards and protocols
–
Different types: proximity (<10cm), mid range (<1m) or large range
(>1m) readers
–
Readers can be at fixed points (entrance/exit, point of sale,…) or can
also be mobile (portable)
–
Different shapes and sizes
–
Main functions:
•
Activate the tag and (passive tags) supply energy
•
Structure the communication sequence with the tag
•
Transfer data between the application software and a contactless
data carrier
•
Perform anti
-
collision procedure
•
Authentication procedure
–
Price: 50…2000$
18
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
-
Reader
–
Block diagram
19
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
-
Reader
–
HF interface: inductive system
20
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
-
Reader
–
HF interface: microwave system
21
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
-
Reader
–
Examples
22
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
-
Tag
•
Tag
–
Different operating frequencies
–
Different sizes and forms
–
It can be attached to almost everything
•
pallets, vehicles, shirts, pets, luggage, electronic devices,…
–
Different capabilities
–
Different types:
–
Price: 0.05…200$
23
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
-
Tag
–
Block diagram
HF interface: inductive tag
24
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
•
Power Supply
–
A very important feature of RFID systems is the power supply to the
transponder
–
Tags need energy for two reasons
•
To power the internal microchip
•
To transmit data to the reader
–
Categories of tags
•
Passive tags
–
No internal battery
–
The energy transmitted by the reader (electrical/magnetic field) is used
for both tasks
•
Semi
-
active tags
–
Internal battery used for power the microchip
–
The energy from the reader is used for data transmission
•
Active tags
–
Internal battery is used for both tasks
RFID Systems
-
Tag
25
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
-
Tag
•
Standards (Air interface Protocols)
Tag
Type:
Frequency
125/134 KHz
5
-
7 MHz
13.56 MHz
303/433 MHz
860
-
960 MHz
2.45 GHz
Passive
ISO 11784/5,
14223
ISO18000
-
2
HiTag
ISO10536
iPico DF/iPX
MIFARE
ISO14443
Tag
-
IT
ISO15693
ISO18000
-
3
TIRIS
icode
ISO18000
-
6A,B,C
EPC class 0
EPC class 1
Intellitag
Title 21
AAR S918
Ucode
ISO18000
-
4
Intellitag
μ
-
chip
Semi
Passive
AAR S918
Title 21
EZPass
Intelleflex
Maxim
ISO18000
-
4
Alien BAP
Active
ANSI 371.2
ISO18000
-
7
RFCode
ISO18000
-
4
ANSI 371.1
26
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
-
Tag
Freq.
Standards
Title
Year
LF
ISO 11784/5
RFID of Animals
-
Technical Concepts
1996
LF
ISO 14233
RFID of Animals
–
Advanced Transponders
2003
LF
ISO 18 000 Part 2 Type A/B
Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135 kHz
2004
HF
ISO 15 693
Identification Cards
–
Vicinity Cards
2001
HF
ISO 14443Type A/B
Identification Cards
–
Proximity Cards
2001
HF
ISO 18 000 Part 3 Mode 1/2
Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 13.56 MHz
2004
HF
EPCglobal Class 1 13.56 MHz ISM Band Class 1
Radio Frequency Identification Tag Interface Specification
2003
UHF
ISO 18 000 Part 6 Mode A/B
Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 to 930 MHz
2004
UHF
EPCglobal Class 0 (Gen. 1) 860 MHz
-
935 MHz
Class 0
Radio Frequency Identification Tag Protocol Specification
2003
UHF
EPCglobal Class 1 (Gen. 1) 860 MHz
-
960 MHz
Class 1
Radio Frequency Identification Tag Radio Frequency & Logical
Communication Interface Specification
2002
UHF
EPCglobal Class 1 (Gen. 2)
UHF Class 1 Generation 2 Protocol
2004
MW
ISO 18 000 Part 4
Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 2.45 GHz
2004
27
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
-
Tag
–
Example: ISO 15693 State diagram
28
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
•
Information storage and processing
RFID Systems
-
Tag
29
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
•
Data access
–
Read only tags
•
Write once and read many times
•
Communication with the reader is unidirectional, with the tag
continuously sending its ID to the reader
•
Data transmission from the reader to the tag is not possible
•
Cheap, low power and fast read
–
Read
-
write tags
•
ID plus additional read
-
write memory
–
Advanced memory structure and security features
•
Crypto functions
RFID Systems
-
Tag
30
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
-
Tag
–
Examples
31
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
-
Host/Application/Middleware
•
Host/Application/Middleware
–
In applications like e.g. supply chain management and logistics,
there is no longer a one
-
to
-
one relationship between the reader
and the application
–
These applications need a middleware that manages large
deployments of readers and the amount of data these readers
capture
–
Middleware price: 5K…50K$
32
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
-
Host/Application/Middleware
–
Middleware functionalities
33
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
•
Air Interface: coupling
–
The way the reader and the tag send/receive information or power
–
Coupling in the
near field
or the
far field
–
The (magnetic) near field is an energy storage field
•
It drops off ~ 1/r
3
–
The electromagnetic far field is an energy propagating field
•
It drops off ~ 1/r
Ex. at 13.56MHz
Fundamental Operating Principles
34
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
–
Inductive coupling
Fundamental Operating Principles
35
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
–
Backscatter coupling
Fundamental Operating Principles
36
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
•
Communication mode
F
DX:
E
n
er
gy
t
ra
n
s
f
er
Dow
nlin
k
Up
lin
k
E
n
er
gy
t
ra
n
s
f
er
Dow
nlin
k
Up
lin
k
E
n
er
gy
t
ra
n
s
f
er
Dow
nlin
k
Up
lin
k
HDX:
SEQ:
Full duplex (
FDX
)
Half duplex (
HDX
)
Sequential (
SEQ
)
Fundamental Operating Principles
37
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
•
Coding in the baseband
Fundamental Operating Principles
38
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
•
Modulation schemes
–
Amplitude
-
shift keying (ASK)
•
Changing the amplitude between two levels
•
Modulation index: 10%…100%
–
Frequency
-
shift keying (FSK)
•
Switching between (two) frequencies
•
Often 2
-
FSK
–
Phase
-
shift keying (PSK)
•
Switching the phase (e.g. 0 and 180 degrees)
Fundamental Operating Principles
39
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
–
Load modulation
•
The baseband signal is first modulated (ASK,FSK or PSK) using a
subcarrier
•
The modulated signal is used to switch the load resistor on and off
•
The actual information is carried in the sidebands of the two
subcarrier sidebands
Fundamental Operating Principles
40
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
•
Anti
-
collision algorithms
–
Tag collisions
•
Tag collisions mean that more than one tag responds to a reader at
the same time. In many cases this makes tag recognition
impossible.
•
Since low
-
cost passive tags cannot figure out neighboring tags or
detect collisions, tag anti
-
collision algorithms are very important in
RFID systems
–
Reader collisions
•
Reader collisions occur where neighboring readers interrogate a tag
simultaneously and confuse it
•
Can be
“
easily
”
solved because readers can detect collisions and
communicate with the others
Multiple Access
41
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
–
Tag anti
-
collision algorithms
•
Broadcast mode
Reader broadcasts energy and
the tags receive the transmitted data
•
Multiple
-
access to a reader
All transponders may react simultaneously
Goal
: minimize the required time for
identifying all tags
•
Multiple
-
access and anti
-
collision procedures
Multiple Access
42
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
–
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
•
Deterministic protocols
–
High reader to tag communication
–
Typically tree
-
walking algorithm
•
Stochastic protocols
–
Less reader to tag communication
–
Typically ALOHA
-
based algorithm (e.g. slotted ALOHA)
Collision
Tag 1
Tag 2
Reader
Tag 3
Multiple Access
43
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
–
Binary Tree (EPCglobal Class 0)
Multiple Access
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0001
0100
0101
1000
1100
1101
1111
The reader starts a tree traversal
by sending the special symbol
NULL followed by a binary 0
Reader: NULL, 0
Tag Reply:
0001
0
0100
0
0101
0
1000
1
1100
1
1101
1
1111
1
0
1
NULL
Reader
symbol
44
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
–
Binary Tree (EPCglobal Class 0)
Multiple Access
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0001
0100
0101
1000
1100
1101
1111
The reader hears both 0 and 1,
and chooses to reply with a 0
Reader: 0
Tag Reply:
0001
0
0100
1
0101
1
1000
(mute)
1100
(mute)
1101
(mute)
1111
(mute)
0
1
NULL
Reader
symbol
45
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
–
Binary Tree (EPCglobal Class 0)
Multiple Access
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0001
0100
0101
1000
1100
1101
1111
The reader hears both 0 and 1,
and chooses to reply with a 0
Reader: 0
Tag Reply:
0001
0
0100
(mute)
0101
(mute)
1000
(mute)
1100
(mute)
1101
(mute)
1111
(mute)
0
1
NULL
Reader
symbol
46
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
–
Binary Tree (EPCglobal Class 0)
Multiple Access
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0001
0100
0101
1000
1100
1101
1111
The reader hears only 0 and so
echoes that bit
Reader: 0
Tag Reply:
0001
1
0100
(mute)
0101
(mute)
1000
(mute)
1100
(mute)
1101
(mute)
1111
(mute)
0
1
NULL
Reader
symbol
47
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
–
Binary Tree (EPCglobal Class 0)
Multiple Access
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0001
0100
0101
1000
1100
1101
1111
The reader hears only 1 and so
echoes that bit; the (simplified)
EPC for one tag has been received
Reader: 1
0
1
NULL
Reader
symbol
48
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
–
Slotted Aloha variant
–
Q Protocol (EPCglobal Class 1
Generation 2)
•
The reader specifies the number of slots in the inventory round
•
Each tag randomly chooses a location to reply within the round
•
The reader issues short commands to mark the beginning of each
slot within the round
•
If a tag has chosen that slot, it replies with a random number
•
If the reader can decipher the number and acknowledge it, the tag
sends its EPC (Electronic Product Code)
Multiple Access
Inventory
Query (Q)
arbitrate
arbitrate
arbitrate
arbitrate
arbitrate
3
7
4
0
7
winner
reply
each tag
‘
rolls die
’
2
Q
Reader
49
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
–
Capture effect
•
If one tag is closer to the reader antenna than the others that tag
may be able to override the data packets from the other tags as
result of the greater signal strength at the reader
•
When does a weak signal not disturb a strong signal ?
•
The problem of
“
weak collisions
”
...
Multiple Access
50
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
RFID Systems
-
system design
•
Why study operating principles ?
–
Selecting the RFID system that is the most appropriate for your
application or business
•
How to select an appropriate RFID system ?
–
For each application there is an appropriate RFID system in
terms of
•
Operating principles: frequency, range,…
•
Functionality: read
-
only, read/write,…
•
Physical form: static readers, handheld readers,…
•
Costs
“
One size fits all
”
慰灲潡a栠摯敳潴⁷潲欠景爠慬f 剆䥄灰汩捡瑩t湳n!!!
RFID system design is driven by different factors
51
Communication Technology Laboratory
Wireless Communication Group
Read range
Data rates
Robustness to noise
Speed for reading multiple tags
Costs
Power Supply
Coding
Data Access
Information Storage
Anti
-
collision algorithms
Tag Antenna Design
Environment
Chip Design
Reader Design
Standards
Reader Antenna Design
Coupling
Frequency
Modulation
RFID Systems
-
system design
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