Modern Agricultural Biotechnology:
Progress in genetic improvement of plum
Ralph Scorza
USDA
-
ARS
Appalachian Fruit Research Station
Kearneysville, West Virginia
ralph.scorza@ars.usda.gov
World
-
Wide Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops
http://chartsbin.com/view/578
Soybean, Maize, Canola, Cotton………
Sugarbeet
Biotech herbicide tolerant sugarbeet was grown on 0.5 million
hectares in the USA and Canada at 97% adoption rate.
Alfalfa
425,000 hectares of biotech RR®alfalfa was planted in the US in 2012.
Poplar
Biotech Bt poplar was grown on ~500 hectares in China.
Papaya
Biotech PRSV resistant papaya was planted in Hawaii (2,000 hectares
with a 60% adoption) and in China at 6,275 hectares.
Squash
2,000 hectares of biotech virus resistant squash was grown in the US.
http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/biotech_crop_annual_update/download/05%20Alfalfa%202013.pdf
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16.7 million
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F
armers planting biotech crops
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29 countries
-
planting biotech crops
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18
Years
-
Farmers have planted biotech crops
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160 M hectares
-
Global biotech crop area
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$44 billion
-
Increase in net income for farmers
-
1 trillion
-
Estimated number of meals consumed with biotech
ingredients
-
0
-
Reliably documented human or animal safety issues
Biotech crop Facts
ISAAA report 2011
We all can benefit from the use of biotech crops:
Farmer benefits
increasing yield
improving protection from insects and disease
increasing their crops’ tolerance to heat, drought, and other environmental
stress
Processor benefits
improve the quality of animal feed, food and energy sources.
Consumer benefits
Increased protein
Healthier oils
Reduced exposure to agricultural chemicals
Environmental benefits
Conserve soil and energy
Reduce greenhouse gases
Minimize use of toxic chemicals
Conserve soil fertility and natural resources
Reduce need for new agricultural land
Biotech crop benefits
-
1.9 billion
kilograms of reduced carbon dioxide emissions
-
21.1 billion
kilograms of carbon sequestered in the soil
-
473 million
kilogram reduction in pesticides applied from 1996 to 2011
-
108.7 million
hectares of land preserved between 1996 and 2011
-
328 million tons
of additional food, feed and fiber produced from 1996 to 2011
(ISAAA report 2013)
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pesticide use would decrease by 14.5 million kg /year
-
reduction of 7.5 million ha sprayed
-
20.5 million litres of diesel saved
-
reduction of 73,000 tons of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere.
Some potential environmental
benefits for 50% adoption of the
currently available biotech crops
in the EU
Park and Phipps (2002) Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 11:1
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18.
HoneySweet Plum Resistant to Sharka:
A Potential Benefit to European agriculture
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Co
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developed by U.S. and European partners
-
F
ield tested in Europe for over 15 years
-
Solely the work of publicly
-
supported scientists, at public research institutions
–
For the benefit of growers and consumers
PPV Symptoms
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Fruit deformation
and reduced quality
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Premature fruit drop
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Leaf chlorosis
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Tree decline in severe
infections
The need for PPV resistance
PPV infection in selected European countries
:
Serbia
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42 million bearing plum trees; 58% are infected with PPV
Croatia
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2004 survey found 51% of sampled plum trees infected
Bosnia
-
Herzegovina
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up to 41% of plum trees infected.
Bulgaria
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infection in plums 62%
Romania
–
infection in plums 70%
Moldova
–
yield loses in plum 16
-
48%
Czech Republic
–
30 years average fruit yield
dropped by 80%
and
the number of
plum trees has been reduced from 18 million to
4 million
.
Greece
–
apricot production decreased from 35% to 13% of world production due to PPV
Spain
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2.3 million PPV
-
infected trees removed between 1989 and 2006
at a cost of over 63 M Euros
2006 OEPP/EPPO 36 (2)
Zagrai et al UASMV 67 2010
Development of ‘HoneySweet’ PPV resistant plum variety
Gene discovery, Vector construction, Transformation 1990
-
1992
Plant establishment, Propagation, Greenhouse testing 1992
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1995
Field testing U.S. 1995
–
2005
Field testing Europe 1996
–
2005 and continues today
Research and regulatory data accumulation 1990
–
2005
(Over 40 publications from this work)
14 Years
Development of ‘HoneySweet’ PPV resistant plum variety
14 Years
7 Years
Full Regulatory
Approval in U.S.
2011
R&D
Regulatory approval for ‘HoneySweet’
U.S. Regulatory Approval
Three agencies: Jurisdiction
__________________
Safety for Agriculture
Safety for Food
Safety for Environment
Examples of some of the information provided to U.S. regulators
:
Transformation system
Donor genes and sequences
Molecular characterization (DNA, RNA, protein)
Mechanism of resistance
Stability of resistance
Inheritance of resistance
Gene flow
Fruit compositional analyses
Allergenicity potential
Environmental consequences
European colleagues have worked together with
The U.S. team since 1990. In 1996 field tests were initiated
In Poland, Romania, Spain, and in 2002 in the Czech Republic.
These data were included in the U.S. regulatory dossier
.
European HoneySweet field test harvest
In over 15 years of field testing no ‘HoneySweet’ trees
have been naturally Infected with PPV by aphids
How effective is HoneySweet?
Temporal spread of Plum pox virus
-
Romania
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1998
2000
2004
2005
2006
years
% PPV
conventional
C5
Graft inoculation of ‘HoneySweet’ with PPV
PPV infected plum
tree
HoneySweet tree
PPV infected bud
HoneySweet graft inoculum
(PPV
-
Rec)
Year 2
Year 5
Polak et al., 2008
Czech Republic
Field Test
-
Graft inoculation
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
mg GAE/Kg dry weight
Average Phenolics
Stanley
Jojo
HoneySweet
Others
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
% by dry weight
Average Total Sugars
Stanley
JoJo
HoneySweet
Others
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
mg per 100 dry grams
Average Vitamin C
Stanley
JoJo
HoneySweet
Others
FRUIT COMPOSITION STUDIES
HoneySweet safety studies
Molecular evaluations:
-
the entire genome of ‘HoneySweet’ was sequenced
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no genes interrupted, no effect of insert on flanking genes
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all RNAs were sequenced
-
no unexpected RNAs produced
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HoneySweet produced less PPV
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CP RNAs than
produced in PPV infected plums
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no unexpected proteins produced
Results of Environmental Risk Studies
Zagrai et al. 2011 Transgenic plums expressing Plum pox virus coat protein gene do not assist
the development of virus recombinants under field conditions. Journal of Plant Pathology
No virus recombinants
Capote et al. 2007 Risk assessment of the field release of transgenic European plums susceptible
and resistant to Plum pox virus ITEA 2007
No effects on non
-
target insects
Capote et al. 2008 Assessment of the diversity and dynamics of Plum pox virus and aphid
populations in transgenic European Plums under Mediterranean conditions
Transgenic Research 2008
No effects on aphid populations
No effects on virus diversity
Zagrai et al. 2008 Plum pox virus silencing of C5 transgenic plums is stable under challenge
inoculation with heterologous viruses. Journal of Plant Pathology
No breakdown of resistance in presence of other
Prunus
viruses
Gene flow is low
(Scorza et al PLOS ONE in press)
‘HoneySweet’
It is highly resistant to PPV.
No trees were ever infected by aphids.
Resistance to all strains tested
Fruit quality is excellent
The transgene and resistance could be transferred to progeny through traditional
cross hybridization and the resistant seedlings could be readily identified.
HoneySweet may be useful as a PPV resistant rootstock
Approved for cultivation and consumption in the U.S.
This work is a U.S.
-
European collaboration
M. Ravelonandro, France
M. Cambra, Spain
N. Capote, Spain
T. Malinowski, Poland
I. Zagrai, Romania
J. Polak, Czech Republic
J. Kundu, Czech Republic
I. Kamenova, Bulgaria
A. Atanassov, Bulgaria
S. Paunovic, Serbia
S. Dolgov, Russia
Black Sea Biotechnology
Association
R. Scorza, USDA
A.M. Callahan, USDA
C. Dardick, USDA
and others………
.
Shouldn’t European growers
and consumers also benefit?
‘HoneySweet’ International Working Group
HoneySweet is being made freely available in the U.S.
Those outside the U.S. wishing to exploit ‘HoneySweet’ will be
responsible for obtaining the required regulatory clearances.
Qualities
-
Sweet (21% sugar), large size (60 g), productivity very good. A good
variety for the fresh market. Brandy, marmalade, drying not yet tested.
Czech Republic
2002
-
present
Spain
1996
-
present
Poland
1996
-
2007
Romania
1996
-
2006 , 2012
-
Scientists at the
Crop Research Institute
,
Czech Republic, are developing a dossier to submit to EFSA
Based on over 15 years of study in Europe and the U.S.
This technology can help solve the problems that will be
facing Europe, the U.S. and the rest of the world
including climate change, the spread of invasive species,
and population pressures for increased food production.
Wisely used, genetic engineering can be an
important tool to help meet these challenges.
‘HoneySweet’ International Working Group
Academy of Medicine, France
American Medical Association
American Society for Plant Biology
Brazilian Academy of Science
Chinese Academy of Science
Food and Agriculture Organization
Indian National Science Academy
Mexican Academy of Science
Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Romanian Academy
Romanian Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences
Royal Society of London
Third World Academy of Science
U.S. Department of Agriculture
U.S. National Academy of Sciences
U.S. National Research Council
World Health Organization
and others…….
Scientific Institutions expressing positive positions on GMO Crops
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