History_of_microbiology

C
hair

of
Medical Biology, M
icrobiology,
V
irology,
and I
mmunology


THE HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY.

Lecturer As. Prof. O. Pokryshko

Why Study Microbiology?


Pharmaceuticals


Vaccines/Antibiotics


Biotechnology


Bioremediation



Pathogenicity



Fundamental Biology

Microbiology


The study of microorganisms


Microorganisms


living
things too small to be seen
with the unaided eye


Microorganisms = Microbes

Microorganisms

Divided into six groups


Bacteria


Archae


Algae


Fungi


Protozoa


Viruses

History of Microbiology


Microbes discovered >300yrs


Known to man during the mid
1800s


Period of progress began &
continues to the present

Periods

of microbiology development



Morphologic


Physiologic


Prophylactic

Morphological period

in

microbiology history

(XVII middle of age).


It

is

also

called

micrographycal

period,

as

the

study

of

microorganism

came

only

to

description

of

their

dimensions

and

forms
.

Biological

properties

and

their

significances

for

man

still

a

long

time

remained

incomprehensible
.

Experimental phase


Leeuwenhoek


Pasteur


Koch


Lister

Before 17th century, study of microbiology was
hampered by the lack of appropriate tools to
observe microbes.


Robert Hooke
: In 1665 built a compound light
microscope and used it to observe thin slices of
cork. Coined the word
cell
.


Anton van Leeuwenhoeck:

In 1673 was the
first person to observe live microorganisms
which he called “
animalcules
” (bacteria,
protozoa), using single
-
lens microscopes that he
designed. He observed 50,000 different
specimens, reported findings to the Royal Society
of London


Edward Jenner

( 1796)


Smallpox
immunity / Vaccine








Pasteurization:

Developed a process in
which liquids are heated (at 65
o
C) to kill
most bacteria responsible for spoilage.


Disease Causes
: Identified three different
microbes that caused silkworm diseases.


Vaccine:
Developed a vaccine for rabies
from dried spinal cords of infected rabbits.



Directed Pasteur Institute until his death in
1895.

Pasteur’s Contributions:

French Chemist Pasteur
(1861)


Joseph Lister (1859):

Used
disinfectant to treat surgical wounds,
greatly reducing infection rates.
Considered the father of antiseptic
surgery.



Robert Koch (1876):


First person proved that microorganisms
caused diseases


Only specific microorganisms caused
specific diseases


Studied anthrax


affects cattle & humans


Proved that
Bacillus anthracis

causes
anthrax in cattle.



Later identified bacterium that causes
tuberculosis.


Study of viruses



Iwanoski (1892)


studying
diseases of tobacco plants


Discovered TMV


Filterable viruses

P
rophylactic period

After 1914

Classic

Metchnikov's

researches

defined

a

prophylactic

period

in

microbiology

history
.


The Patriarch of world and Ukrainian
microbiology
-

I. Metchnikov








Paul Ehrlich (1910
): Search for “
magic bullet
”.


Discovered salvarsan, an arsenic derivative, was
effective against syphilis. (
1
st

synthetic drug to
come in to widespread use)


Alexander Fleming (1928)
: Discovered that
penicillin produced by the mold
Penicillium notatum

was able to prevent microbial growth.


Penicillin
came into use 10 yrs later



-
By the 1940s known as the

“wonder drug”


Rene Dubos (1939):
Discovered two antibiotics
(gramidin and tyrocidine) produced by bacterium
(
Bacillus brevis
).