M.Sc., Microbiology
234
ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY KARAIKUDI
SYLLABUS UNDER CBCS (w.e.f.2011
-
12)
M.Sc., MICROBIOLOGY
–
PROGRAMME STRUCTURE
Sem
Course
Cr.
Hrs./
Week
Marks
Total
Subject
Code
Name
Int.
Ext.
I
1MMI1C1
Core
–
I
–
de湥ra氠䵩cr潢楯o潧y
4
6
25
75
100
1MMI1C2
Core
–
II
–
B楯捨i浩獴sy
4
6
25
75
100
1MMI1C3
Core
–
III
–
䵩捲潢楡氠ohy獩潬ogy
4
6
25
75
100
1MMI1P1
Core
–
IV
–
ia戠b潵牳e渠䝥湥ra氠
Microbiology & Microbial Physiology
4
4
40
60
100
1MMI1P2
Core
–
V
–
ia戠b潵牳e渠
B楯捨i浩獴sy
4
4
40
60
100
1MMI1E1/
1MMI1E2
Elective
–
I
–
c潯搠a湤n䑩ary
䵩捲潢楯o潧y
爩⁍ 物湥
䵩捲潢楯o潧y
4
4
25
75
100
Total
24
30
--
--
600
II
1MMI2C1
Core
–
VI
–
䵯汥c畬慲 B楯i潧y a湤n
䵩捲潢楡氠䝥湥瑩cs
4
6
25
75
100
1MMI2C2
Core
–
VII
–
䕮癩牯湭b湴n
氠l
䅧A楣畬瑵牡氠䵩c牯扩潬r杹
4
6
25
75
100
1MMI2P1
Core
–
VIII
–
ia戠c潵牳e渠
䵯汥M畬慲楯 ogy湤n䵩捲潢楡氠
䝥湥瑩cs
4
6
40
60
100
1MMI2P2
Core
–
IX
–
ia戠b潵牳e渠
䕮癩牯湭b湴慬n⁁杲楣畬瑵牡氠
䵩捲潢楯o潧y
4
4
40
60
100
1MMI2E1/
1MMI2E2
Elective
–
II
–
fmoⰠI楯ia晥ty湤n
B楯整桩捳
潲⤠䍯浰畴e爠䅰灬楣A瑩潮o
C⁂楯
-
f湦n牭r瑩cs
4
4
25
75
100
1MMI2E3/
1MM12E4
Elective
–
III
–
B楯
-
乡n潴散桮潬潧y
⡯(⤠B楯獴a瑩獴scs
4
4
25
75
100
Total
24
30
--
--
600
III
1MMI3C1
Core
–
X
–
f浭畮潬ugy
3
5
25
75
100
1MMI3C2
Core
–
XI
–
䵥摩ca氠䵩c牯扩潬潧y
3
5
25
75
100
1MMI3C3
Core
–
XII
–
oec潭扩湡湴⁄乁
呥c桮潬hgy
3
4
25
75
100
1MMI3P1
Core
–
XIII
–
ia戠c潵牳e渠
f浭畮潬ugy…⁍e摩捡氠
䵩捲潢楯o潧y
3
4
40
60
100
1MMI3P2
Core
–
XIV
–
ia戠b潵牳r渠牄乁
呥c桮潬
潧o
4
4
40
60
100
1MMI3E1/
1MMI3E2
Elective
–
IV
–
䵯汥M畬a爠rax潮潭y
a湤⁐hy汯geny ⡯(⤠B楯晥牴楬rze爠r湤n
B楯ia湵牥⁔ec桮潬hgy
4
4
25
75
100
M.Sc., Microbiology
235
1MMI3E3/
1MMI3E4
Elective
–
V
–
Disease Diagnosis
Technology (or) Entrepreneurship in
Microbiology
4
4
25
75
1
00
Total
24
30
--
--
700
IV
1MMI4C1
Core
–
XV
–
Industrial Microbiology
4
6
25
75
100
1MMI4P1
Core
–
XVI
–
Lab course in
Industrial Microbiology
4
6
40
60
100
1MMI4PR
Core
–
XVII
–
Project Work
10
18
25
75
100
Total
18
30
--
--
300
Grand Tota
l
90
120
--
--
2200
M.Sc., Microbiology
236
I YEAR
–
I SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 1MMI1C1
CORE
COURSE
I
–
GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
U
nit
I
History, Classification of microorganisms:
Ha
eckel’s three
–
kingdom concept, Whittaker’s
Five
-
kingdom concept, Three
-
domain concept of Carl Woese.
Classification of V
irus and
Fungi, Classification of Bacteria according to Bergey’s Manual.
U
nit
II
Microscopy:
Simple, Compound, Dark
-
field, Phase contrast, Fluorescent and Electron
microscopes. (SEM & TEM), Confocal microscopy
–
Principles and their app
lications. Stains
and Staining techniques: Simple, Differential and Structural staining methods.
U
nit
III
Sterilization and Disinfection, Culture methods:
Auxenic and synchronous, aerobic and
anaerobic, Culture media and Nutritional types, Growth curve, G
eneration time and growth
kinetics. Factors influencing microbial growth. Preservation methods and Quality control.
U
nit
IV
Microbial Anatomy:
-
Prokaryotic cell structure & Organization, Cell membrane, Plasma
membrane, Cytoplasmic matrix, Inclusion bodies
, Ribosome, Nucleiod, Prokaryotic cell wall,
Capsule, Slime layers, S layers, Pili and Fimbriae, Flagella & Motility. Bacterial endospores.
Archaeal cell structures, Viruses, Properties of Viruses,
RNA & DNA Virus
, Virions &
Prions. Eukaryotic cell structu
re and its organelles.
Lichens and Microalgae:
-
Structural
organization and their properties.
U
nit
V
Modern Microbiology:
Molecular Taxonomy, 16S/18S rRNAs and its importance in
identification of microorganisms. Phylogenetic tree, Molecular tools in asse
ssing microbial
diversity, Metagenomics, Prebiotics and probiotics and their appl
ications, Microbial fuel cells
References
1.
Tortora, G.J., Funke B.R, and Case C.L. (2009).
Microbiology an Introduction
,
Benjamin Cummins, USA.
2.
Dubey, R.C. and Maheswari, D.K
. (2005).
A Textbook of Microbiology
, S.Chand
and Company Ltd., New Delhi.
3.
Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. (2002).
Microbiology
, McGraw Hill
Publishers, Boston.
4.
Brock, T.D., Smith, D.W. and Madigam, M.T. (2002).
Biology of Microorganisms
(Four
th Edition) Prentice Hall International, London.
5.
Stanier, R.Y., Ingraham, J.L., Wheels, M.L. and Painter, P.R. (1999).
General
Microbiology
, Mac Millan Educational Limited, London.
6.
Boyd, R.F. (1998).
General Microbiology
, Mosby College Publishing, St. Lou
is.
7.
Nester, E.W., Roberts, C.V. and Nester, M.T. (1995).
Microbiology
, A Human
Perspective. IWOA, U.S.A.
8.
Pelzcar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S. and Kreig, N.R. (1993).
Microbiology
, McGraw Hill Inc.,
New Delhi.
M.Sc., Microbiology
237
I YEAR
–
I SEMESTER
COURSE CODE:
1MMI1C2
CORE
COURSE
I
I
–
BIOCHEMISTRY
U
nit
I
Biochemistry:
-
Structure and properties of water. Buffering in biological systems.
Biomolecules:
-
Amino acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic acids
–
structure
and its biological role. Vitamins and Hormones: Chemistry
and Physiological role.
U
nit
II
Structure and diversity of biological membranes:
-
Mechanisms of membrane transport
(simple diffusion, facilitated transport, active and secondary active transport). Mitochondrial
and Microsomal electron transport chain
and
Oxidative phosphorylation.
U
nit
III
Thermodynamic quantities and laws:
-
A
pplications of free energy functions; ATP as the
main carrier of free energy in biological systems; biological oxidation
-
reduction reactions.
U
nit
IV
Metabolism and its regulation:
-
Carbohydrate metabolism
–
Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis,
Pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle; Lipid metabolism
–
oxidation of fatty acid (
,
and
oxidation), biosynthesis of fatty acid, TG, PL and cholesterol; amino acid and nucleotide
metabolism (de no
vo and salvage pathway).
U
nit
V
Enzyme nomenclature and IUB classification. Catalytic power and specificity of enzymes.
Enzyme kinetics, general properties of enzymes and coenzymes. Enzyme regulation
(Allosteric and covalent modification). Clinical and in
dustrial applications of enzymes.
Immobilization of enzymes and its application. Enzyme engineering, abzyme and Ribozyme.
References
1.
Donald Voet and Judith G.Voet, (2004),
Biochemistry
, John Wiley and Sons, USA.
2.
Jeremy M.Berg, John L.Tymoczke and Lubert S
tryer, (2002),
Biochemistry
,
W.H.Freeman and Company, USA.
3.
Nelson D.L,M.M.Cox, (2000),
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
, Macmillan
worth Publishers.
4.
Geoffrey A.F, J.Beckett, S.H.Halker and P.H.Rae, (2004), Lecture Notes on Clinical
Biochemisry, Blackwe
ll Science, UK.
5.
Mallikarjuna Rao M., (2002), Medical Biochemistry, New Age International (P) Ltd
Publishers, India.
6.
Voet, D. J., Voet J.G and Pratt C. W. (2008).
Fundamental of Biochemistry
:
Life at
molecular level
, Wiley publishers, USA
7.
Berg, J.M., Tomocz
ko J.L. and. Stryer L. (2008).
Biochemistry
, W. H. Freeman
publisher, USA.
8.
Lehninger, A., Nelson, D. L. and. Cox, M.M. (2008).
Lehninger Principles of
Biochemistry
, W.H. Freeman, USA.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
238
I YEAR
–
I SEMESTER
COURSE CODE:
1MMI1C3
CORE
COURSE
I
II
–
MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY
U
nit
I
Basic aspects of bioenergetics:
-
E
ntropy, enthalpy, electron carriers, artificial electron
donors, inhibitors, uncouplers, energy bond, phosphorylation.
U
nit
II
Brief account on photosynthetic and accessory pigments:
–
C
hloro
phyll,
bacteriochlorophyll, rhodopsin, carotenoids, phycobiliproteins. Oxygenic and anoxygenic
photosynthesis, autotrophic generation of ATP. Fixation of CO
2
. Calvin cycle: C3 and C4
pathway.
U
nit
III
Respiratory metabolism, oxidative and substrate leve
l phosphorylation, Pasteur effect;
fermentation of carbohydrates: homo and heterolactic fermentations.
U
nit
IV
Microbial differentiation, Sporulation:
-
Endo and Exospores, Endospore formation in
Bacillus
sp. Exospore formation in
Streptomyces
: Sporulatio
n in fungi:
Aspergillus
sp.,
Penicillium
sp. Formation of specialized structures: akinetes, cyst and heterocyst.
U
nit
V
Extremophils:
-
Survival at extreme environments
–
starvation, adaptive mechanisms in
thermophilic, alkanophilic, osmophilic and psychr
ophilic organisms. Chemotaxis,
Bioluminescence: Mechanisms, advantages. Quorum sensing
–
Cell signaling
–
mechanism
and applications.
References
1.
Caldwell D.R., (1995),
Microbial Physiology and Metabolism
, Wm.C.Brown
Publishers, USA.
2.
Gottychalk G.,
Bacter
ial Metabolism
, (Latest edition) Springer
–
Verlag, Bertin.
3.
Moat A.G, J.W.Foster,
Microbial Physiology
, (Latest edition) John Wiley & Sons,
New York.
4.
Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. (2002).
Microbiology
, McGraw Hill
Publishers, Boston.
5.
Salle,
A.J. (1999).
Fundamentals of Bacteriology
, Hill Publishing Company Limited,
New Delhi.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
239
I YEAR
–
I SEMESTER
COURSE CODE:
1MMI1P1
CORE
COURSE
I
V
–
LAB
COURSE
IN
GENERAL
MICROBIOLOGY
&
MICROBIAL
PHYSIOLOGY
1.
Lab safety method and Regulations.
2.
P
rinciples and methods of sterilization.
3.
Preparation of media : Nutrient broth, Nutrient agar, slants, soft agar
4.
Pure culture technique
–
Pour plate, Spread plate & Streak plate.
5.
Measurement of microbes
–
Micrometry.
6.
Motility determination
–
Hanging drop m
ethod.
7.
Enumeration of bacterial /
yeast cells
–
Viable count, Total count.
8.
Enumeration of bacteria / fungi from environmental samples
–
Direct and Indirect
methods (Haemocytometer & Total viable counts).
9.
Staining methods: Simple, Negative, Acid fast, Gram
staining, Spore, Flagella,
Capsule and Metachromatic granular staining. Staining of fungus
–
Lacto phenol
cotton blue staining.
10.
Measurement of growth
–
Direct count, Viable count
–
Growth curve, Determination
of growth rate and generation time.
11.
Effect of
pH, Temperature and Salinity on bacterial growth.
12.
Anaerobic Cultivation
–
RCM, T
h
ioglycolate broth and Anaerobic jar methods
References
1.
Cappuccino J.G, N.Sherman, (2002),
Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual,
Addison
–
Wesley.
2.
Atlas R.M, A.E.Brown and L.C.Pa
rks, (1995),
Laboratory Manual of Experimental
Microbiology,
Mosby, St.Louis.
3.
Kannan K., (2002),
Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology
, Panima
Publishers.
4.
Holt J.G, N.r.Krieg, (2000),
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
, Ninth
edition Lippinc
ott Williams & Wilkin Publishers.
5.
Aneja K.R., (2002),
Experiments in Microbiology, Plant pathology, Tissue culture
and Mushroom Production technology
, Third edition.
New age international
Publishers.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
240
I YEAR
–
I SEMESTER
COURSE CODE:
1MMI1P2
CORE
COURSE
V
–
LAB COURSE IN BIOCHEMISTRY
1.
Colorimeter and its applications:
-
Verification of Beer
-
Lambert’s law using colored
solution CuSo
4
. Estimation of Carbohydrate (Phenol
-
sulphuric acid
method), Protein
(Lowry’s method), nucleic acid
–
DNA (Diphenylamine method) and RNA (Orcinol
method).
2.
pH meter and preparation of buffers (Phosphate and acetate buffer).
3.
Acid base titration:
–
pKa value determination
–
Determination of [H
+
] ion
concentrat
ion.
4.
Separation and identification of sugars and amino acids by paper and thin layer
chromatography.
5.
Enzymes:
-
Production of amylase, purification of the enzyme (Ammonium sulphate
precipitation, Dialysis and g
el permeation chromatography), D
etermination of
Km and
Vmax, molecular weight determination by using SDS
-
PAGE.
References
1.
Rodney and Royer, (2004),
Modern Experimental Biochemistry
, Pearson education,
India.
2.
Jayaraman J., (1996),
Laboratory Manual in biochemistry
, fifth edition, New Age
International
Publisher, New Delhi.
3.
Sawhney S.K., R.Singh, (2001),
Introductory Practical Biochemistry
, Narosa
Publishing House, New Delhi.
4.
Wilson K, J.Walker, (2000),
Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry
,
Cambridge University Press.
5.
Sadasivam S, A.Manic
kam, (1997),
Biochemical Methods
, New Eye International
Pvt Ltd, India.
6.
Palanivelu P., (2000),
Laboratory Manual for Analytical Biochemistry and
separation techniques
,
Madural Kamaraj University.
7.
Plemmner D.T., (1997),
An Introduction to Practical Biochemi
stry
, TATA
McGraw Hill Publications co. Ltd, New Delhi.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
241
I YEAR
–
I SEMESTER
COURSE CODE:
1MMI1E1
ELECTIVE COURSE
I (A)
–
FOOD & DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY
U
nit
I
Food as substrate for microorganisms:
-
Importance of microorganisms in food
microbiology
–
molds, yeasts and bacteria
–
general characteri
stics
–
classification and
importance. Factors influencing microbial growth in food
–
Extrinsic and intrinsic factors.
U
nit
II
Principles of food preservation.
Asepsis:
-
Removal of microorganisms, Anaerobic conditions,
Preservation by Heat processing
–
H
igh temperature, Thermal
death of microorganisms: D
and Z
Values, Low temperature
–
Chilling and Freezing, Drying, Food additives, Chemicals
(Orga
nic acids and esters, Nitrite, Sulfur dioxide, Benzoic acid, P
arabens, Probionates, natural
preservatives, etc
Canning, and by Radiation (Microwave, UV, Ionizing radiation). (anaerobic
conditions, high temperatures, low temperatures, drying).
U
nit
III
Contamination and spoilage:
-
Cereals, sugar products, vegetables, fruits, meat and meat
products, milk and milk
products
–
Fish and sea foods
–
poultry
–
spoilage of canned food.
Detection of spoilage and characterization.
U
nit
IV
Food born infection and intoxication:
-
Bacterial and nonbacterial
–
with examples of
infective and toxin types
–
Brucella, Bacillus, C
lostridium, Escherichia, Salmonella,
Shigella,
Staphylococus, Vibrio, Yersinia
; Nematodes, Protozoa, Algae, Fungi and Viruses. Food born
outbreaks laboratory testing procedures; Prevention measures
–
Food sanitation in
manufacture and retail trade; Food co
ntrol agencies and its regulations, Plant sanitation
–
employees health standards
–
Waste treatment
–
disposal
–
quality control.
U
nit
V
Food fermentation:
-
Bread, Cheese, V
inegar, fermented vegetables, fermented dairy
products, experimental and industri
al production methods. Spoilage and defects
of fermented
dairy products
–
O
riental fermented foods, their quality standards and control. Genetically
modified foods.
References
1.
Adams, M.R. and Moss M.O., (1995),
Food Microbiology
, Royal Society
Publicatio
ns, Cambridge.
2.
Frazier, WC and Westhoff Dc, (1998),
Food Microbiology
, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
M.Sc., Microbiology
242
3.
Principles of Fermentation Technology (1995) by Stanbury, PF., Whitekar, A and
Hall, S.J., Pergamon Press.
4.
Banwart, GJ, (1989),
B
asic Food Microbiology
, CBS Publishers and Distributors,
Delhi.
5.
Hobbs BC and Roberts D, (1993),
Food Poisoning and Food Hygiene
, Edward
Arnold (A Division of Hodder and Stoughton) London.
6.
Robinson, RK, (1990),
Dairy Microbiology
, Elsevier Applied Sciences,
London.
7.
James M.Jay, (2003), Modern Food Microbiology, CBS publishers & Distributors,
New Delhi.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
243
I YEAR
–
I SEMESTER
COURSE CODE:
1MMI1E2
ELECTIVE COURSE
I (B)
–
MARINE MICROBIOLOGY
U
nit
I
Classification of microbes:
-
C
onventional and modern methods. Typical structure of
bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses.
Marine microorga
nisms:
-
collection,
preservation, enumeration (total
and viable counts), isolation of
culture and identification
based on
morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. Interna
tional and
national collection c
entres.
U
nit
II
Extremophiles:
-
Thermopiles, basophiles, halophiles, psychrophiles, acid
–
alkalinophiles,
oligotroph, toxitolerant, xerotolerant, endolith
–
Extremophiles and thei
r environment,
biodiversity.
Genomics of extremophiles, phylogeny of extremophiles, 16
S
RNA
classification
in mitochondrial DNA genome, RAPD, RFLP studies, cloning of commercially
important extremozymes, comparative genome organisation of extremophiles and mesophiles
.
U
nit
III
Microbiology of degradation of xenobiotic environment:
-
E
cological considerations,
decay
behaviour, degradative plasmids, hydrocarbons, oil pollution, surfactants, pesticides,
B
ioremediation:
-
Factors affecting bioremediation
–
role of microbes in the marine nutrient
cycles
–
diseases of marine organisms and its impact on marine biodive
rsity.
U
nit
IV
Brief account of photosynthetic and accessory pigments:
-
C
hlorophyll
–
bacteria
l
chlorophyll
–
carotenoids
–
rhodopsin, phycobilliprotein, carbohydrates, anabolism
–
autotrophy
–
photosynthesis
–
autotrophic generation of ATP, fixation of
CO
2
–
Calvin cycle
–
C
3
and C
4
pathway. Respiratory metabolism
–
Embden Meyerhoff pathway
–
Enter Doudroff
pathway
–
Glycoxylate pathway, Kreb’s cycle
–
Oxidative and substrate level of
phosphorylation
–
Reverse TCA cycle.
U
nit
V
Molecular nature of mutati
on, mutagens.
Gene transfer mechanism:
-
Transformation,
Transduction, Conjugation, and T
ransfection.
Plasmids:
-
F factor, description and their use in
genetic analysis
–
plasmid as a vector for gene cloning
–
rep
lication of selected plasmids,
T
ransposon an
d their use in genetic analysis.
DNA sequencing methods:
-
dideoxy and
chemical methods, sequence analysis, automates sequencing.
Bar coding of marine
organisms:
-
Genome sequencing and physical mapping of genome.
M.Sc., Microbiology
244
R
eferences
1.
Dube, H.C., (1994).
A text
book of fungi, bacteria and viruses.
Vikas Publishing
House, New Delhi.
2.
Dale,
J.W. (1994).
Molecular genetics of Bacteria
.. John Wiley and Stones.
3.
Pelczar, M. JR. E.C.s. and Chan and Noel, R. K. (2006).
Microbiology
. Tata McGraw,
Hill. Co. fifth Edition, N
ew Delhi.
4.
Presscott, L.N., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. (1999).
Microbiology
. W.C. Brown
Publishers.
5.
Stanier, R.Y., Ingharam J.L. Wheelis, M.L. Painter, P.R. (1986).
General Waste water
engineering Treatment, Disposal and Reuse
. Metcaff and Eddy. Inc., Tat
a Mc Grew
Hill, New Delhi.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
245
I YEAR
–
II SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 1MMI2C1
CORE VI
–
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND MICROBIAL GENETICS
U
nit
I
Identification of DNA as genetic material:
(Griffith, Avery and MacLeod, Hershey and
Chase experiments). Gene
tic nomenclature, Mutants and Mutations
–
Types of mutants,
Isolation and characterization of mutants, Revertants and Reversion; Genetic analysis of
mutants.
U
nit
II
Mutations and mutagenesis:
Spontaneous mutations, Mutagenesis by Base analog mutants,
Che
mical mutagens (nitrous acid, hydroxylamine, alkylating agent), mutagenesis by
intercalating agents and UV.
DNA damage and repair:
DNA damage by UV, alkylating
agents, cross linkers. Mechanism of repair
–
photoreactivation, excision repair,
recombinational
repair. The SOS and adaptive responses and their regulation.
U
nit
III
Transformation:
C
ompetent cells
–
regulation, general process,
Transduction:
generalized
and specialized transduction,
Conjugation:
Hfr and triparental mating.
Transposable genetic
ele
ments
:
Introduction, discovery, Insertion sequences. Compound transposons and Complex
transposons
–
Tn10, Tn5, Tn3 and retrotransposons.
U
nit
IV
Bacterial DNA replication. Biology of bacteriophage
. Lytic growth of phage
and phage
production, recombina
tion in the
life cycle.
U
nit
V
Transcription, Translation, Post
-
translational modifications.
Regulation of gene expression:
The Operon concept
–
(
i
) lac and (ii)
trp; stringent response.
References
1.
Maloy S.R, J.E.Cronan, and D.Friefelder, (1994),
Mirco
bial Genetics
, Jones and
Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Massachusetts.
2.
Malacinski G.M, D.Friefelder, (1998),
Essentials of Molecular Biology
, Jones &
Bartlett Publishers.
3.
Hunter, L. E. (2009).
The Process of Life
-
An Introduction to Molecular Biology
,
The M
IT press, USA
4.
Lee, C.H. (2009).
Applied Molecular Biology
, Kompass books, USA.
5.
Weaver, R.F. (2008).
Molecular biology
, McGraw Hill higher education, USA.
6.
Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis J., Raff, M., Roberts, K, and.Walter, P. (2007).
Molecular Biology of
the Cell,
Garland publishing Inc, New York.
7.
Allison, L. A. (2007).
Fundamental Molecular Biology,
Wiley
-
Blackwell, London.
8.
Karp, G. (2007).
Cell and Molecular Biology
-
Concepts and Experiments,
John
Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.
9.
Watson, J.D., Hopkins, N.
H., Roberts, J.W., Steitz, J.A., Weiner, A.M. (1998).
Molecular Biology of the Gene
, fourth Edition, Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing
Company.
M.Sc., Microbiology
246
I YEAR
–
II SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 1MMI2C2
CORE VII
–
ENVIRONMENTAL AND AGRICULTURAL
MICROBIOLOGY
U
nit
I
Ecosystem
:
Ecological hierarchy
–
Ecological succession of microorganism
–
Homeostasis
–
Adaptive mechanism among microorganisms
–
interaction between microbes, plants and
animals.
Microbes in marine and fresh water environment
–
Eutrophication
–
food chain water
borne
pathogens
–
indicator organism
–
Microbiology of Domestic water
–
Microbial water
Quality
–
water purifications, Aeromicrobiology
U
nit
II
Waste water (sewage and industrial effluents) treatments:
Primary, Secondary (Trickling
Filter, Activated Sludg
e) and Tertiary treatments. Anaerobic treatment of industrial effluents:
Hydrolysis, Fermentation and Methonogenesis. Conventional methods of waste water
treatment (Aerobic and Facultative ponds, AMS, Thin film technique and Sand filter).
Advanced emerging
and B
iotechnological treatments of industrial effluents (Biotower, RBC,
Fluidized bed Reactors and Column Reactor).
U
nit
III
Biodegradation and bioremediation
–
Solid waste management:
Landfills, Composting
and Earthworm treatment. Recycling and proces
sing of organic residues, Biodegradation of
Xenobiotic compounds. Organisms involved in degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons,
substituted simple aromatic compounds, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides and
surfactants. Microbial treatment of oil pollut
ion.
U
nit
IV
Environment of soil microorganism:
Role of microorganisms in the formation of soil
–
Role of microbes in soil fertility. Biogeochemical cycles
–
Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorous
and Sulphur cycles. Biological nitrogen fixation
–
diazoprophs
–
f
ree living, aerobic,
symbiotic bacteria and cyanobacteria. Microbial interactions, interaction of microbes with
plants and insects.
U
nit
V
Plant diseases:
symptoms, disease cycle and control measures
–
Bacterial diseases, Blight of
rice, Citrus canker an
d wilt of potato. Viral diseases, Vein clearing disease, Tungro disease of
rice, TMV and CMV. Fugal diseases
,
rust of wheat, smut of sugarcane, wilt of cotton, tikka
leaf spot in groundnut.
Biofertilizers:
M
icrobes used as biofertilizers, Mass multiplicati
on,
field application and crop response.
Biopesticides:
bacterial, fungal and viral
. Recent
advances in biological pest control.
M.Sc., Microbiology
247
References
1.
Alan Scragg, (1999),
Environmental Microbiology,
Longman.
2.
Gareth M.E
vans & Judith C.Furlong
John, (2003),
Environm
ental Biotechnology
–
Theory& Application
, wiley & Sons Ltd.
3.
Subba Rao, N.S., (1995).
Soil Microorganisms and plant growth
. Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
4.
Rangasami G. and D.J.Bagyarai (1993).
Agricultural Microbiology
. Second Edition,
Prentice
-
Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
248
I YEAR
–
II SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 1MMI2P1
CORE COURSE VIII
–
LAB COURSE IN MICROBIAL GENETICS &
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1.
Single colony isolation and checking for genetic markers.
2.
Measurement of growth
-
one step growth curve using a T even phage.
3.
T
itration of phages (T4).
4.
Induction of Lambda Phage
5.
Induced mutagenesis UV.
6.
Isolation of antibiotic resistant mutants
7.
Isolation of auxotrophic mutants.
8.
Isolation of specialized transducing phage.
9.
Bacterial conjugation
–
transfer of drug resistant factor (Pl
asmid).
10.
Transposon mutagenesis of chromosomal and plasmid DNA.
References
1.
Miller, J.H. (1972).
Experiments in Molecular Genetics.
Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 466 pp.
2.
Murray, R.G.F., wood, W.A. and Krieg, N.B, (1994).
Met
hods for General and
Molecular Bacteriology.
Washington, DC:
American society for microbiology.
3.
Freifelder D. 1987.
Microbial Genetics
. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
249
I YEAR
–
II SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 1MMI2P2
C
ORE IX
–
LAB COURSEIN ENVIRONMENTAL & AGRICULTURAL
MICROBIOLOGY
a)
Environmental Microbiology
1.
Bacterial examination of water (qualitative and quantitative).
2.
Membrane filtration technique.
3.
Enumeration of microorganism from air.
4.
Settle plate technique.
5.
Air sa
mpling technique.
6.
Isolation of bacteria and bacteriophages from sewage.
7.
Estimation of dissolved oxygen (DO), BOD and COD.
b)
Agricultural Microbiology
1.
Isolation of free
–
living nitrogen fixing bacteria from soil
–
Azotobacter.
2.
Isolation of Symbiotic nitrog
en fixing bacteria from root nodule
–
Rhizobium.
3.
Isolation of phosphate solubilizers, ammonifiers and denitrifers.
4.
Study of Mycorrhizae, Cyanobacteria and Azolla.
5.
Examination of Plant diseases:
Bacterial diseases
Fungal diseases
V
iral diseases
Blight o
f rice
Blast of ric
e
Banana
bunchy
top
virus
Citrus canker Smut o
f sugarcane
W
heat yellow mosaic virus
Wilt of potato Wilt of co
tton
Tobacco dwar
f of wheat
Redro
t of sugarcane
yellow Dwarf of wheat
Tikka leaf sp
ot of groundnut
Citrus variegation virus
Rice dwarf virus
References
1.
Cappuccino J.G, N.Sherman, (2002),
Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual
,
Addison
-
Wesley.
2.
Atlas R.M, A.E.Brown and Parks, Mosby, St. Louis, (1995),
Laboratory Manual of
Experimental Microbiology
3.
Kannan N.,
(2002),
Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology
, Panima
Publishers.
4.
Holt J.G,, N.R.Krieg, (2000),
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.
Ninth Edition Lippincott Williams & Wilkin Publishers.
5.
Aneja K,R., (2002),
Experiments in Microbiology, Plant
pathology, Tissue culture
and Mushroom Production technology,
Third Edition.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
250
I YEAR
–
II SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 1MMI2
E1
ELECTIVE COURSE II (A)
–
IPR, BIOSAFETY AND BIOETHICS
Unit I
Introduction. Important Definitions.
Establishment and functions of General Agreement on
Trade and Tariff (GATT) and World Trade Organizat
ions. WTO Summits. IBSC and RCGM.
U
nit
II
Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Different types of intellectual property
rights
–
Patents, Trademark, Trade secret Copy right. Important microbiological examples of
patents, trademark, and
trade secret
U
nit
III
Rules governing patents. Case studies on patents (Super bug, Basmati rice, Turmeric, Neem,
etc.). Indian Patent Act, 1970 and its amendments.
U
nit
IV
Biosafety
–
Introduction. Different levels of biosafety. Guidelines for recom
binant DNA
research activities in microorganisms. Good Laboratory Practices (GLP). Containments
–
Types. Basic Laboratory and Maximum Containment Laboratory microbiology research.
U
nit
V
Bioethics
–
Introduction. General issues related to environmenta
l release of genetically
modified microorganisms. Ethical issues related to research in embryonic stem cell cloning.
References
1.
Recombinant DNA safety guidelines
(January1990), Department of Biotechnology,
Ministry of Science & Technology, Government
of India, New Delhi.
2.
Revised guidelines for research in Transgenic plants
(August 1998), Department of
Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India, New Delhi.
3.
Subbaram N., (2003),
Patents
, Pharma Book Syndicate, Hyderabad.
4.
Glick
, B.R., and Pasternack, (1998),
Molecular Biotechnology
, Second Edition, J.J.,
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
5.
Chawla H.S., (2001),
Introduction to Plant Biotechnology
, Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
251
I YEAR
–
II SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 1MMI2
E2
ELECTIVE COURSE II (B
)
–
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS &
BIOINFORMATICS
U
nit
I
Computer architecture:
Input and output devices
–
Memory devices
–
Types of modern
computing
–
Number Systems
–
Programming conc
epts
–
Introduction to Operating systems
like Windows, UNIX & LINUX
–
Computer Viruses
–
Overview and prevention.
U
nit
II
Computer Networks:
Topologies, Hardware and Network security
–
Internet basics
–
Protocols and Services
–
Database systems
–
Basic co
ncepts
–
Indexing and Hashing
–
Multimedia and Text databases
U
nit
III
An overview of bioinformatics tools:
Global Vs local alignment
–
Similarity searching
–
Principle and Algorithms
–
Pair wise alignment and Multiple alignment
–
Biological
Databases
–
Literature, Sequence and Structure
–
Finding and retrieving information from
databases.
U
nit
IV
Protein structure prediction:
S
econdary and tertiary and motifs
–
Proteomic tools at
ExPASy server
–
Protein structure comparison and classification
–
RNA str
ucture analysis
–
Plasmid mapping and Primer designing using programs from public domain
–
Structure
visualization softwares
–
Phylogenetics
–
Tree types and construction methods.
U
nit
V
DNA sequencing
–
DNA microarray
–
basic principles and databases
–
G
enomics and
Proteomics
–
Prediction of genes, promoters, splices sites and regulatory regions
–
Drug
designing and Commercial Bioinformatics.
References
1.
David W. Mount, (2001),
Bioinformatics. Sequence and Genome Analysis,
Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory P
ress.
2.
Higginns
D and W. Taylor, (2000),
Bioinformatics. Sequence, Structure and
databanks
–
A Practical Approach
, Oxford University Press.
3.
Baxevanis A.D and B.F. Francis Ouellette, (2001),
Bioinformatics
–
A Practical
Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Pro
teins
, Wiley
–
Interscience.
4.
G. Gibson and S.V. Muse, (2002), A Primer of Genome Science, Sinauer Associates,
Inc. Publishers.
5.
S. Misener and S.A. Krawetz, (2000),
Methods in Molecular Biology
–
Bioinformatics. Methods and Protocols
, Humana Press.
6.
Attwood
T.K and D.J. Parry
-
Smith, (2001),
Introduction to Bioinformatics
, Pearson
Education Asia.
7.
Claverie J.M, C. Notredame, (2003),
Bioinformatics for Dummies,
wiley Publishing,
Inc
M.Sc., Microbiology
252
I YEAR
–
II SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 1MMI2
E3
ELECTIVE COURSE II
I
(
A
)
–
BIONANOTE
CHNOLOGY
Unit I
Biotechnology to Bionanotechnology:
Bionanomachines
–
Modern bionano materials
–
protein, nucleic acid, lipids used for carrying information
–
polysaccharides use in special
structural roles
–
Present status of bionanotechnology.
Unit II
Molecular design for nanotechnology:
Recombinant DNA technology
–
X
-
ray
crystallography, NMR spectroscopy and electron microscopy, use in nanotechnology
–
Computer modeling to bionanomachines and computer assisted molecular design.
Unit III
Structural pri
nciples of Bionanotechnology:
Natural bionanotechnology design for specific
environment
–
Biomolecular structure as low materials
–
Hierarchical strategy in construction
of nanomachines
–
protein folding
–
self organization
–
molecular recognition
–
flexib
ility.
Unit IV
Functional principles of Bionanotechnology:
Information driven nano assembly
–
chemical
transformation
–
biomolecular sensing
–
self application
–
machine phase bionanotechnology.
U
nit
V
Future of Bionanotechnology
:
Problems in bionanotec
hnology
–
Abide finger problem
–
Sticky finger problem
–
role of enzyme to solve these problems
–
Core studies
–
nomotuble
synthesis, nanoscale assembler, nanozurveillance
–
ethical consideration
–
respect for life,
potential dangers, fuel
R
eference
s
D
avid S. Goosell, (2004),
Bionanotechnology
, Lessons from nature, John Wiley &
Sons Inc. publication.
David S. Goodsell, (1996),
Biomolecules and Nanotechnology
, Ancient Scientist, 88,
230
–
237.
Blundell T. L. and Johnson L. N, (1976),
Protein crystallogr
aphy
, New York.
Eisenberg. D & D. Crothers (1979),
Physical Chemistry with Applications to the
Life Sciences.
Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park, California.
Ausubel, F. M., Breut R. Kingston R. E., Moore, D. D., Siedman, J. G., Smith, J. A.
and Struhl K, (1999
), Short protocols in Molecular Biology
, Fourth Edition. Wiley,
New York.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
253
I YEAR
–
II SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 1MMI2
E4
ELECTIVE COURSE II
I
(
B
)
–
BIOSTATISTICS
U
nit
I
Introduction
to biostatistics. Numerical Summary Measures
–
Me
asures of Central Tendency
–
Mean, Median, Mode. Measures of Dispersion
–
Range, Interquar
tile Range, Variance and
Standard Deviation Coefficient of Variation. Grouped Data
–
Grouped Mean, Grouped
Variance. Chebychev's Inequality.
Unit
II
Data Presentation
–
Types of Numerical Data. Tables
–
Frequency Distributions, Relative
Frequency. Graph
s
–
Bar Charts, Histograms, Frequency Polygons, One
-
Way Scatter Plots,
Box Plots, Two
-
Way Scatter Plots, Line Graphs.
Unit
III
Confidence interval
–
The Standard Deviation, The Gaussian Distribution, The Confidence
Interval of a Mean,
Survival
Curves
.
Comparing groups with confidence intervals
–
Confidence Interval of a Difference between means, Confidence Interval for the Difference or
Ratio of Two Proportions.
U
nit
IV
Introduction to p values
–
What is a P value? Statistical significance and hypothesis testing,
Multiple comparisons
.
Probability,
Bayesian logic
–
Bayes' theorem in genetics. Population
genetics, gene pool, allele freque
ncy, genotype frequencies, Hardy
-
Weinberg equation,
implications of Hardy
-
Weinberg equation. Diagnostic Tests
–
Sensitivity and Specificity,
ROC Curves, calculations of prevalence.
U
nit
V
Simple correlation
–
correlation coefficient.
Regression
–
simpl
e linear regression. Basic idea
of significance test
–
hypothesis testing, level of significance.
References
1.
Jeffrey A. Witmer Myra L., (2002),
Statistics for the Life Sciences
, Third Edition,
Prentice Hall.
2.
Marcello Pagano
Kimberlee Gauvreau
, (2000),
Principles o
f Biostatistics, Second
Edition,
Brooks Cole.
3.
Stanton A. Glantz
,
(2001),
Primer of Biostatistics,
McGraw
-
Hill
4.
Bernard Rosner
,
(1999),
Fundamentals of Biostatistics,
Duxbury Press
5.
Beth Dawson
Robert G. Trapp
Beth Dawson
Robert Trapp
, (2004),
Basic & Clinical
Biostatistics (LANGE Basic Science),
McGraw
-
Hill.
6.
Harvey Motulsky, (1
995), Intuitive Biostatistics
,
Oxford University Press.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
254
II YEAR
–
I
I
I SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 1MMI3C1
CORE
COURSE
X
–
IMMUNOLOGY
U
nit
I
Historical Perspective:
D
iscovery, early theories.
Types of immunity:
I
nnate and acquired
immunity. Cells and Organs of the immune system. Hematopoiesis, lymph
oid cells, cells of
the immune system, primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system, B and T
cell
–
Maturation and differentiation. Clonal selection theory.
U
nit
II
Antigens:
Factors influencing immunogenicity, epitopes and haptens.
Immuno
globulin:
Structure, antigenic determinants, immunoglobulin classes, monoclonal antibodies.
Antigen
–
Antibody interaction
:
P
recipitation reactions, agglutination reactions, radioimmunoassay,
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, immu
nofluorescence and
immuno electron microscopy.
U
nit
III
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC):
Organization and inheritance, MHC molecules
and clones, genomic map of MHC genes, cellular distribution and expression, MHC and
susceptibility infectious dise
ases. Antigen processing and presentation
–
antigen presenting
cells and presenting pathways
–
cytosolic pathway and endocytic pathway.
U
nit
IV
Complement system:
the complement components, classical and alternate pathways,
regulation and biological sequ
ences of complements. Cell mediated and humoral effector
responses.
Hypersensitivity reactions:
Gell and Coomb’s cla
ssification, IgE mediated
(Type
–
I), antibody
–
mediated (Type
–
II), Immune complex mediated (Type
–
III) and T
DTH
–
mediated (Type
–
IV) hy
persensitivity.
U
nit
V
The immune system in health and diseases:
C
ytokines
–
properties, receptors, related
diseases and therapeutic uses.
Vaccines
:
A
ctive and passive immunization, whole organism
vaccines, recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, edible vacc
ines, synthetic peptide,
multivalent subunit and anti
-
idiotype vaccines. Immunological tolerance, Autoimmunity,
immunodeficiency, immune system in AIDS, transplantation immunology, Cancer and
immune system.
References
1.
Ivan M.Roit (1994), Essential Immuno
logy
–
Blackwell Scientific Publications,
Oxford
2.
Kuby J (1997), Immunology
–
WH Freeman and Company, New York
M.Sc., Microbiology
255
3.
Donal M.Weir, John Steward (1993) Immunology VII edition. ELBS, London,
Harward Publishing company.
4.
Coico R, and Sunshine, G. (2009).
Immunology: A Short Course
,
Wiley
-
Blackwell,
London
5.
Levinson, W. (2008).
Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Tenth
Edition (LANGE Basic Science)
,
McGraw
-
Hill Medical, USA
6.
Chakravarthy, A.K. (2006). Immunology and Immunotechnology, Oxford University
Press India, New Delhi.
7.
Delves, P.
, Martin, S., Burton, D. and Roitt, I. (2006).
Roitt's Essential Immunology
,
Wiley
-
Blackwell, London
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
256
II YEAR
–
I
I
I SEMESTER
COURSE CODE:
1
MMI3C2
CORE COURSE XI
–
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
U
nit
I
History, Koch Postulates,
Normal Microbial flora,
Host Parasite Interactions
–
The process of
infection, Infections
–
source and types, Modes of Transmission, Microbial Virulence factors,
General approaches to clinical specimens, collection and transport of specimens for
microbiological examination, Infective syndromes, Strategy of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy,
Epidemiology and control of community infections.
U
nit
II
Morphology, Culture c
haracters, Pathogenicity, Laboratory diagnosis, control and Treatment
of following organisms.
Staphylococci, Streptococci, Pneumococcus, Neisseriae gonnoroae,
Corynebacteria, Mycobacteria tuberculosis, Clostridia, Bacillus
and non
–
spore forming
Anaerobes
.
U
nit
III
Morphology, Culture characters, Pathogenicity, Laboratory diagnosis, control and Treatment
of following organisms.
Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrios,
Pseudomonas, Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Legionella. Brucel
la, Bordetella, Y
ersinia,
Haemophilus, Listeria
and Spirocheates
–
Rick
ettsiae, Chlamydiae, Mycoplasma
and
Actinomycetes
.
U
nit
IV
Mechanism of pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of fungal diseases
:
Superficial Mycoses,
Cutaneous Mycoses, Subcutaneous Mycoses,
Systemic mycosis, Opportunistic Mycoses,
Mycotoxicosis. Mechanism of pathogenesis and lab diagnosis of Protozoology
–
Intestinal,
Blood and Tissue Protozoa.
U
nit
V
Influenza, Measles, Mumps, Chicke
n pox, Hepatitis A, B, C, D & E
, Poliomyelitis, AIDS,
Hum
an Papilloma virus, Rabies, Yellow fever, Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis, SARS,
Swine Flu. Hospital acquired infections, Common type of Hospital infections, their diagnosis
and control
–
Hospital waste disposal.
R
eferences
1.
Baron EJ, Peterson LR and Fi
negold SM (1994).
Bailey and Scott’s diagnostic
microbiology
. Ninth Edition
, Mosby Publications.
2.
Jawetz E, J.L. Melnic and E.A. Adelberg (2001).
Medical Microbiology
. Twenty
second Edition, McGraw Hill.
3.
Ananthanarayanan R. and Jayaram Panicker C.K. (199
4).
Textbook of Microbiology
.
Orient Longman.
4.
Chakraborthy, P. (1995).
A Textbook of Microbiology
, Ne
w Central Book Agency
Pvt. Ltd,
Calcutta.
5.
Panicker, C.K.J. (1993).
A Textbook of Medical Parasitology
, Third
Edition. Jaypee
Brothers.
M.Sc., Microbiology
257
II YEAR
–
III SEMES
TER
COURSE CODE:
1
MMI3C1
CORE COURSE
XII
–
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
U
nit
I
Enzymes using in rDNA technology:
Restriction enzymes, DNA Polymerase,
Polynucleotide kinase, T
4
DNA ligase, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, Reverse
Transciptase, Nucl
eas
es:
Bal 31, S1 nucleases, DNase I, Ribonucleases, EXO III.
Thermostab
le DNA Polymerases used in PCR.
Unit
II
Cloning vectors and their applications:
a) Plasmids b) Bacteriophage
–
Lambda and M13
vectors c) Cosmids d) Phagemids e) Ti Plasmid Specialized ve
ctors & their uses
a) Expression vectors for Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes b) Gene fusion vectors c) Artificial
chromosomes
–
BAC, PAC, YAC, MAC and HAC.
U
nit
III
Principles of gene cloning:
Use of adapters & linkers in cloning
–
Shotgun cloning
–
Constructio
n of genomic and cDNA libraries
–
screening of recombinants
–
alpha
complementation
–
antibody screening
–
Labeling of nucleic acids
–
colony hybridization
–
southern hybridization
–
Western Blot
–
Northern Blot. DNA fingerprinting, footprinting, zoo
blot,
chromosome jumping, chromosome walking.
U
nit
IV
PCR:
Basic process
–
PCR Primer designing
–
optimization of PCR reactions
–
Variations in
PCR (Asymmetric PCR
/
Nested PCR
/
Inverse PCR, RT
PCR, RACE, Reverse Transe
PCR)
–
RAPD
–
Multiplex PCR
–
AFLP
–
App
lications of PCR in medicine, agriculture and
forensic science. DNA sequencing
–
enzymatic and chemical methods
–
Automated DNA
sequencing
–
cycle sequencing. Site
–
directed mutagenesis
–
oligo and PCR mediated.
U
nit
V
DNA chips and microarray gene scree
n technology, site directed mutagenesis, cell culture
based techniques, Genetic diagnosis, Applications in medical field biology, transgenic plants
and animals, Recombinant vaccines development, Gene therapy, molecular basis of genetic
diseases, genetic co
unseling.
R
efer
e
nce
s
1.
Primrose S.B, R.M. Twyman and R.W.Old, (2003),
Principle of Gene Manipulation
Blackwell scientific publications.
2.
Brown T.A., (2001),
Gene cloning and DNA Analysis. An Introduction
, Black well
scientific publication.
3.
Watson, J.D,
M.
Gilman, J.Witowski and Mark Zoller, (1992),
Recombination DNA
,
Scientific American books.
4.
Sambrook.J.,
Russell, D.W., (2001),
Molecular cloning: A Laboratory press
, cold
spring harbor, new York.
5.
Moo
-
young, (2004),
Comprehensive Biotechnology
, Robinson how
ell.
M.Sc., Microbiology
258
II YEAR
–
III SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: 1MMI3P1
CORE COURSE XIII
–
LAB COURSE IN
IMMUNOLOGY AND
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
1.
Separation of serum
/
plasma.
2.
ABO Blood Grouping
–
Rh typing and cross matching.
3.
Agglutination tests.
a)
Haemagglutination and Haemag
glutination inhibition test.
b)
WIDAL
–
slide and tube test.
c)
Weil felix Test.
d)
RA test
e)
ASO test.
f)
CRP test.
g)
Beta
–
HCG test.
h)
TPHA test.
4.
Precipitation reaction
–
Ouchterlony’s Double Immundiffusion Test (ODD).
5.
Rapid Plasma regain test
–
VDRL Test.
6.
Complement Fi
xation test.
7.
ELISA
–
thyroid hormone analysis
8.
Serological Tests: Serodiagnosis of various viral diseases
9.
Haemaggluination (HA) and Haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) test
a)
Medical Microbiology
1.
Collection and transport of clinical specimens from sputum, p
us, urine, faeces, blood
and CSF.
2.
Culture techniques for sputum, pus, urine, faeces, blood and CSF.
3.
Biochemical identification of pathogenic bacteria from clinical specimens.
Staphylococcus sp.,
Escherichia sp.
,
Vibrio sp.
,
Streptococcus sp.
,
Klebs
iel
la sp.,
Pseudomonas
Proteus sp.
,
Shigella sp.
,
Salmonella sp.
,
Bacillus sp.
,
b)
Parasitology
1.
Examination of parasites in clinical specimens
–
Ova
/
cysts in faeces
–
Direct and
concentration methods
–
formal ether and zinc su
lphate methods
–
Saturated saline
technique.
a)
Entamoeba coli b)Entamoeba hist
olytica c)Giardia intestinalis
2.
Blood smear examination for malarial parasites.
M.Sc., Microbiology
259
c)
Mycology
1.
Collection and transport of clinical specimens, Direct microscopy: KOH and
Lactophenol
cotton blue preparations for skin scrapings.
2.
Isolation and identification of fungal pathogens from clinical specimens, their
biochemical and specific identification tests.
Clinical specimens
Fungi
1)
Nail/Skin scrap
ing
–
Dermatophytes.
2)
Corneal scraping
–
Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp
.
,
3)
Blood
–
Candida sp.
,
4)
Urine
–
Candida sp
.,
-
d)
Virology
A. Staining of some viral inclusion bodies.
i) Rabies
–
Negri bodies.
ii)
CPE stained smears.
B. Viral cultivation methods.
i)
Egg inoculation (All routes) techniques.
ii)
Animal Tissue culture (Demonstration).
References
1.
Cappucino J.G, N.Sherman,(2002),
Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual
, Addison
–
wesley.
2.
A
tlas R.M, A.E. Brown and L.C. Parks, (1995),
Laboratory Manual of
Experimental Microbiology,
Mosby, St. Louis.
3.
Kannan N.,
(2002),
Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology
. Panima
Publishers.
4.
Sundararajan
T.
, (2002),
Microbiology Laboratory Manual
. IIT Che
nnai.
5.
Rose
N.R
,
R.G. Hamilton and B. Detrick, (2002),
Manual of Clinical Laboratory
Immunology
ASM Press.
6.
Weir, D.M. (1986),
Handbook of Experimental Immunology
, Fourth Edition,
volume I
–
IV, Blackwell scientific Publication.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
260
II YEAR
–
III SEMESTER
COURSE CODE:
1
MMI3P2
CORE COURSE
XIV
–
L
AB COURSE IN RECOMBINANT DNA
TECHNOLOGY
1.
Isolation of plasmid and chromosomal (bacterial) DNA.
2.
Quality and quantity checking of DNA by UV Spectrophotometer and Submarine
ag
arose gel electrophoresis.
3.
Gene cloning
–
Preparation of vector and passenger
–
Ligation
–
Preparation of
competent cells
–
Transformation of
E.coli
with recombinant plasmids.
4.
Selection of recom
binants by blue white selection
5.
PCR amplification
–
Demo.
Refrerences
1.
Sambrook.J., Russell, D.W, (2001),
Molecular Cloning: Laboratory Manual,
cold
spring harbor laborato
ry press, cold spring harbour, N
ew York.
2.
Bruce Birren
et al
, (1997),
Genome Analysis. A Laboratory Manual. Vol I
–
Analysing DNA
, Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
3.
C. Hardin
et al,
(2001),
Cloning, Gene Expression, and Protein Purification.
Experimental Procedures and Process,
Rationale Oxford University Press.
4.
Reece R.J., (2004),
Analysis of Genes and Genomes,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
261
II YEAR
–
III SEMESTER
COURSE CODE:
1MMI3E1
ELECTIVE COURSE
I
V
(A)
–
MOLECULAR TAXONOMY A
ND
PHYLOGENY
U
nit
I
Introduction to M
icrobial taxonomy:
Morphological taxonomy, Biochemical taxonomy and
M
olecular taxonomy. Numerical taxonomy, positiv
e and negative aspects of each
taxonomical method
s
. Morphological phylogeny
U
nit
II
Chemotaxonomy:
Fatty acid;
protein fingerprinting, Isozyme typing, pigments &
polyamines. Biochemical phylogeny, Molecular Taxonomy
–
G + C content, DNA
–
DNA
hybridizatio
n, plasmid profiles, RFLP, RAPD, STRR & LTRR, Rep
–
PCR, rR
NA based
fingerprinting methods
U
nit
III
Types of rRNA, 16S rRNA &5S rRNA. Importance of 16S rRNA in microbial identification
and taxonomy. Methods of 16S rRNA /
rDNA fingerprinting
–
Isolation of
rRNA, RT
-
PCR,
Isolation of DNA, amplication of 16S rDNA using PCR, Sequencing of 16S rDNA using
chain termination method.
Unit
IV
Submission of rDNA sequences in GenBank
–
Bankit & Sequin guidelines, NCBI, EMBL &
DDBJ retrieving sequences, RNA structure
prediction, Restriction enzyme patterns.
Ribosomal Database project
–
Designing primers and probes. Sequence comparison,
alignment and data base searching
–
ClustalW, FASTA & BLAST, DNA barcoding.
U
nit
V
Introduction to molecular phylogeny:
T
ree terminolo
gy
, S
oftware programs for making
phylogenetic trees
–
MEGA, PHYLIP, Genetic Distance based RAPD, Cladogram, additive
trees and ultrametric trees, rooted and unrooted trees and tree shapes.
R
eferences
1.
Roderic D.M. Page, Edward C. Holmes
(1998). Molecular
evolution
: A phylogenetic
Approach. Blackwell publishing, USA.
2.
Principles
of Genome analysis
: A guide to Mapping sequencing DNA from different
organisms by S.B. Primrose.
3.
Microbial Genome methods by Keeneth W. Adolph (Hard cover
–
Oct 28.1996).
4.
Genome mapp
ing and Sequencing by Ian Dunham (Hard cover
–
Sep 1, 2003).
5.
Brendon Wren (Editor), Nick Dorrel (2002) Functiona
l Microbial Genomics (Vol
.
33)
(
Methods in Microbiology) Academic Press, UK.
6.
Primrose. S.B, Richard M. Twyman (2005). Principles of Genome Analy
sis and
Genomics, Blackwell Publishing, USA.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
262
II YEAR
–
III SEMESTER
COURSE CODE:
1MMI3E2
ELECTIVE COURSE
I
V
(B)
–
BIOFERTILIZER AND BIOMANURE
TECHNOLOGY
Unit I
Introduction
–
History, importance and present status of different types of
fertilizers and their
application to crop plants.
Biological fixation of nitrogen; Natural
cycles associated with
microorganisms
–
Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur.
Unit II
Cyanobacterial Biofertilizers
–
Nostoc, Anabaena, Gloeocaps and Scytonema as
biofertilizers;
Symbiotic association with Azo
lla; Multiplication of blue green algae and
their effect on
agricultural (rice) yields. Bacterial Biofertilizers; Free living forms
–
Azatobacter,
Azospirillum; Symbiotic forms
–
Rh
izobium
; Legume Association;
Pseudomonas
; Non
-
legume association.
Unit III
Fungal Biofertilizers
–
Ectom
ycorrhizal
association with pines; Vescicular
arbuscular
m
ycorrizal association (VAM)
–
Glomus
sp.,
Actimomycetes as Biofertilizers
–
Actinomycetes associations
–
Frankia
sp.
,
Unit IV
Biomanures
–
A general account of man
ures
–
Moulds; Composts
–
Farm yard
manure, oil
seed cakes, castor and neem; Green leaf manures
–
Glyciridia, Sesbania
and
Crotalaria
;
Agro
-
industrial wastes
–
Poultry manure and saw
-
dust; Compost; Vermi and
microbial
compost
–
Pure culture techniques, con
sortium; Types of compost pits;
Biodegradation of
organic components.
Unit V
Application of biofertilizers and biomanures
–
A combination of biofertilizer and
manure
applications with reference to soil, seed and leaf sprays. Laboratory and field
applica
tion;
Cost
-
benefit analysis of biofertilizer and biomanure production.
References
1)
Burns, R.C. and R.W.F. Hardy, (1975). Nitrogen fixation in bacteria and higher
plants.
Springer
–
Verlag, Bertin.
2)
Gallen and Chaplin, (1987). Introduction to Nitrogen fixa
tion. Elsvier
Publications.
3)
Harley, J.L. and S.E. Smith, (1983). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press,
London.
4)
Kumar, H.D, (1990). Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East
-
West Press Ltd.,
Madras.
5)
Marks, G.C. and T.T. Koslowski (Eds.), (1973). Ectomycorrhi
zae, Academic
Press,
London.
M.Sc., Microbiology
263
6)
Rao, N.S., G.S. Venkataraman and S. Kannaiyan, (1983). Biological N2 fixation,
ICAR
Publications, New Delhi.
7)
Sandera, F.E., B. Mosse and P.B. Tinke, (1975). Endomycorrhizae, Academic
Press,
London.
8)
Rao, N.S, (1980). Biofertiliz
ers in Agriculture. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.,
Pvt.,
Ltd., Bombay.
9)
Thompson, L. M. and T. Fredrick, (1979). Soils and Soil Fertility. Tata Mc Graw
-
Hill
Publishing Co., New Delhi.
10)
Tilak, K.V.B.R, (1990). Bacterial Biofertilizers. IARI Publications, New De
lhi.
11)
Tirdale, S.L. Nelson, L. Werver and J.D. Becton, (1985). Soil fertility and
fertilizers.
Macmillan Publishing Co., New York.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
264
II YEAR
–
III SEMESTER
COURSE CODE:
1MMI3E3
ELECTIVE COURSE
V (A)
–
DISEASE DIAGNOSIS TECHNOLOGY
Unit I
Scope and relevance of Microbiology
–
Definition and concepts, Type of microorganism,
Distribution of microorganism in nature; Developm
ent of microbiology as a
scientific
discipline; General characteristics of microorganisms
–
General principles,
taxonomy,
classification and structural organization of bacteria, fungi, viruses, algae,
actinomycetes,
mycoplasma, and ricketssiae; Microscopy
–
Principles and application of
phase contrast, dark
field, fluorescent, and electron microscope; Micrometry
–
Basic
principles and applications.
Unit II
Fixatives and fixation of smears, Stains
–
Definition, acidic, basic stains, simple
and
differentia
l staining, use and significance of stains in microbiology; Cultivation of
microorganism
–
Definition, concept, use and types of different culture media for
cultivation
of microorganism, pure culture techniques; Cultivation of anaerobes; control
of
microor
ganism
–
sterilization by physical an
d chemical methods, antiseptics.
Unit III
Binomial nomenclature: Outline classification of living organisms
–
Haekel,
Whittaker and
Woese system, normal micro flora in human body and their beneficial
effects; Lymphoid
organs and types of immunity; General principles of diagnostic
microbiology
–
Collection,
transport, and processing of clinical specimens, General
methods of laboratory diagnosis
–
Cultural, biochemical, serological, and molecular
methods.
Unit IV
Host
pathogen interaction
–
Virulence factors: General account of the following
diseases
–
Causal organisms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and therapy of typhoid,
cholera,
d
ysentery, whooping cough, tuberculosis, urinary tract infection, syphilis, ringwo
rm,
dermatophytes, malaria, small pox, measles, hepatitis, and AIDS. General account
of
nosocomial infections and prevention.
Unit V
Antimicrobial therapy in the diagnosis of diseases;
In vitro
diagnostic methods
–
Agglutination, precipitation, immunofl
oresence, ELISA, Skin test; Vaccines
–
Principles
underlying the preparation of live and attenuated vaccines. Synthetic peptide vaccines.
Immunization, its rationale, schedules and its importance in public health; Automation in
disease diagnosis; Ethical c
ommittee
–
Structure and
functions.
M.Sc., Microbiology
265
References
1)
Morag, C. and M.C. Timbury, (1994) Medical Virology (10th Edition). Churchill
Livingston,
London.
2)
Dimmock, N.J. and S.B. Primrose, (1994) Introduction to Modern Virology, (4
th
Edition).
Blackwell Scientifi
c Publications, Oxford.
3)
Conrat, H.F., P.C. Kimball, and J.A. Levy, (1994) Virology (3rd Edition).
Prentice
Hall, New Jersey.
4)
Maloy S.R., J.E. Cronan and D. Freifelder, (1998). Microbial Genetics. Jones and
Bartlett publishers.
5)
Robert G. W. and G. Allan, (1
994). Encyclopaedia of Virology, Vol. I, II &III
Academic Press inc. San Diego, CA 92101. Ed.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
266
II YEAR
–
III SEMESTER
COURSE CODE:
1MMI3E4
ELECTIVE COURSE
V (B)
–
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN
MICROBIOLOGY
Unit I
Evolution of the concept of entrepr
eneur
–
Entrepreneurship: Definitions
–
co
ncept of
Entrepreneurship, development
–
need
–
role of resource, talent and spirit
–
process of
Entrepreneurship to socio
-
economic gains.
Unit II
Institutions and schemes of Government of India
–
Schemes and pr
ogrammes, Department of
Science and Technology schemes, Nationalized banks
–
other financial institutions
–
SIDBI,
NSIC, NABARD, IDBI, IFCI and ICICI.
Unit III
Skills for entrepreneurs
–
Communication skills, problem solving skills; Business plan
develo
pment; Market need
–
Market research, SWOT analysis, identifying competitors.
Financial plan
–
Financial support for business, business insurance, Marketing
–
Mix
-
product,
distribution, price, promotion and market goal setting.
Unit IV
Project
–
idea ge
neration
–
Sources of idea generation
–
Trade Fairs and Exhibitions
–
Project
identification
–
classification
–
project formulation
–
project appraisal. Composting of
domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes, vermicomposting.
SCP production; Mushroom
c
ultivation.
Unit V
Biofertilizers and biopesticides. Production of teaching kits (plasmid DNA isolation, serum
electrophoresis) and diagnostic kits (WIDAL test kits, ABO blood grouping kits).
References
1)
Nagendra S., (2008) Entrepreneurship and managem
ent Sanguine technical publishers
2)
Bhatia, B.S. and G.S Batra, (2003) Entrepreneurship and
small business management.
Deep
and deep publications
3)
Naidu, N.V.R, (2008) Management and entrepreneurship. I.K. International Pvt.
Ltd.
4)
Greene, (2000) Entrepreneursh
ip ideas in action. Thomson learning
5)
Tilak, K.V.B.R., (1990). Bacterial Biofertilizers. IARI Publications, New Delhi.
6)
Venkataraman, G.S. (1972). Algal Biofertilizers and Rice Cultivation. Today and
Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
267
II YEAR
–
IV SEMESTER
COURSE CODE:
1
MMI4C1
CORE
COURSE
XV
–
INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
U
nit
I
Introduction to Industrial Microbiology, Isolation, cultivation, preservation and improvement
of industrially important microorganisms. Screening methods for ind
ustrial microbes
–
detection and assay of fermentation products
–
classification of fermentation types
–
Substrates for fermentation. Mutation and recombinant DNA techniques for strain
development.
U
nit
II
Fermentors:
Basic functions, design and compone
nts
–
asepsis and containment
requirements
–
Body construction and temperature control
–
aeration and agitation systems
–
sterilization of fermentor, air supply and medium; aseptic inoculation methods
–
sampling
methods, valve systems
–
Monitoring and cont
rol devices. Types of fermentors.
U
nit
III
Fermentation:
Microbial growth kinetics,
Measurement of growth (cell number, direct and
indirect methods) growth and nutrient, growth and product formation, heat evolution, effect
of environment (temperature, p
H, high nutrient concentration) media formulation, bioprocess
kinetics of growth and substrate utilization in Batch, Fed batch and Continuous system.
U
nit
IV
Production of
F
ermentative products:
Microbial production of Antibiotics (Penicillin,
Streptomy
cin), Enzymes (Protease and Amylase) Organic acids (Citric acid and Acetic acid),
Vitamins (B
12,
B
2
)
,
Amino acids (Glutamic acid and Lysine), Ergot Alkaloids: Alcohol, Beer,
Wine
–
Exopolysaccharides
–
Food and Dairy products: Cream
, Yoghurt, Kafir, Kumiss
,
acidophilus milk and cheese
–
Single cell protein and food.
U
nit
V
Downstream Processing:
Recovery and purification of fermentation products
–
Removal of
microbial cells and other solid materials, foam separation, Precipitation, Filtration,
Centrifuga
tion, Cell Disruption
–
Physical, Chemical methods, Extractors, Chromatography,
Membrane process, Drying, Crystallization and W
hole broth processing.
References
1.
Kalaichelvan,
P.T. Arulpandi, I. (2007).
Bioprocess Technology
, MPJ
Publishers,
Chennai.
2.
Cru
egar, W. and Cruegar, A. (2000).
Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial
Microbiology
Fourth edition. Panima publishing corporation, New Delhi.
M.Sc., Microbiology
268
3.
Demain, A.L. and Davies, J.E. (1999).
Manual of Industrial Microbiology
and
Biotechnology.
ASM Press.
4.
Patel, A
.H. (1996).
Industrial Microbiology,
MacMillan India Ltd.,
5.
Stanbury, A.H., Whittaker, A. and Hall S.J. (1995).
Principles of fermentation
technology
, Second edition, Pergamon Press.
6.
Richard,
H. George, B., Hagemann, D.
and
Paul, L. (1993).
Industrial
Mi
coorganisms
-
Basic and Applied Molecular Genetics.
American Society of
Molecular Genetics. American Society of Microbiology, Washington.
7.
Casida, J.E. (1968).
Industrial Microbiology
, Wiley Eastern publication.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
269
II YEAR
–
IV SEMESTER
COURSE
CODE:
1
MMI4P1
CORE
COURSE
XVI
–
LAB COURSE IN INDUSTRIAL
MICROBIOLOGY
1.
Wine production
–
Alcohol Estimation, Sugar Estimation.
2.
Production and Quantification of
(i)
Alcohol
(ii)
Citric acid
(iii)
Protease
(iv)
Amylase
(v)
Lipase
3.
Immobilization te
chnique (sodium alginate method
)
R
eferences
1.
Demain, A.L and Davies, J.E (1999).
Manual of Industrial Microbiology and
Biotechnology
, ASM Press.
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
M.Sc., Microbiology
270
II YEAR
–
IV SEMESTER
COURSE CODE:
1
MMI4
PR
CORE COURSE XVII
–
PROJECT WORK
♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣♣
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