Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine
“Glow
-
in
-
the
-
dark” dogs!
What is stem cell research?
•
Understand more about development, aging,
disease
–
Experimental model systems
•
Prevent or treat diseases and injuries
–
Cell
-
based therapies
–
Pharmaceutical development
•
Includes testing and drug delivery
Trachea transplantation:
Example of adult stem cell
-
based tissue regeneration
Outline of Presentation
•
Introduction to fertilization and embryonic
development
•
What makes stem cells unique?
•
What do stem cells look like?
•
What are the different types of stem cells?
•
What are examples of stem cell research, therapies,
and technologies?
How did they make those dogs?
•
Conclusion and future directions
In the IVF procedure, sperm and eggs “interact” in a dish leading to insemination.
They literally swim up to the egg and burrow toward the nucleus.
The first one to get there wins, and all others are blocked out.
Male fertility issue: Sometimes sperm cannot latch onto and penetrate the egg.
They may choose to have Intra(within)
-
Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Day
1
Embryonic
Stem
Cells
At what point is this a fetus?
•
Days
7
-
14
:
Uterine implantation
•
Day
14
:
Three distinct layers begin to form
(no more pluripotent stem cells)
•
Days
14
-
21
:
Beginning of future nervous system
•
Days
21
-
24
:
Beginning of future face, neck,
mouth, and nose
•
Weeks
3
-
8
:
Beginning of organ formation
This picture is Week
5
•
Week
5
-
8
+:
Now it’s called a fetus
(no consensus on a single timepoint)
Embryonic Development:
Zebrafish
model
Keller et al.
2008
Outline of Presentation
•
Introduction to fertilization and embryonic
development
•
What makes stem cells unique?
•
What do stem cells look like?
•
What are the different types of stem cells?
•
What are examples of stem cell research,
therapies, and technologies?
•
Conclusion and future directions
Symmetric cell division
Asymmetric cell division
1.
Self
-
renews
2.
Differentiates
Progenitor cell
Stem cell
Stem cell
SELF
–
RENEWAL
Outline of Presentation
•
Introduction to fertilization and embryonic
development
•
What makes stem cells unique?
•
What do stem cells look like?
•
What are the different types of stem cells?
•
What are examples of stem cell research,
therapies, and technologies?
•
Conclusion and future directions
Embryonic stem cells in the dish:
What do cultured ES cells look like?
Fluorescent imaging of embryonic
stem cell colonies.
Outline of Presentation
•
Introduction to fertilization and embryonic
development
•
What makes stem cells unique?
•
What do stem cells look like?
•
What are the different types of stem cells?
•
What are examples of stem cell research,
therapies, and technologies?
•
Conclusion and future directions
This cell
Can form the
Embryo and placenta
This cell
Can just form the
embryo
Fully mature
Stem cells in the adult brain:
Are they still working for us now?
Stem cells in mature skeletal muscle:
Is there power still in our stem cells?
Signals to Stem Cells
Other Cells
Matrix Molecules
Self
-
Renewal
Soluble Factors
Differentiation
Little, et al.
Chemical Reviews
(
2008
).
All cells in a person share the same genotype
Yet eye cells differ from nose cells
Central dogma of biology
RNA
Protein
Cell
type
Niche
factors
DNA
Genetic
engineering
Tissue
therapy
How do cells know what to become?
Induced Pluripotent Stem (
iPS
) Cells
Genetically engineering new stem cells
Skin cells
iPS cells
Recreating Pluripotency
Image courtesy of Clontech
Induced Pluripotent Stem (
iPS
) Cells
Genetically engineering new stem cells
Skin cells
iPS cells
Pros and Cons to iPS cell
technology
•
Pros:
–
Cells would be genetically identical to patient or
donor of skin cells (no immune rejection!)
–
Do not need to use an embryo
•
Cons:
–
Cells would still have genetic defects
–
One of the pluripotency genes is a cancer gene
–
Viruses might insert genes in places we don’t want
them (causing mutations)
Factors known to affect stem cells
•
Low stress levels
•
Regular exercise
•
Enriching experiences
•
Learning new information
•
Healthy diets: rich in antioxidants
•
Avoid excessive drinking
Outline of Presentation
•
Introduction to fertilization and embryonic
development
•
What makes stem cells unique?
•
What do stem cells look like?
•
What are the different types of stem cells?
•
What are examples of stem cell research,
therapies, and technologies?
•
Conclusion and future directions
Experimental model system
Heart muscle cells beating in a petri dish!
Videos by the Exploratorium
Bone marrow transplant:
Example of adult stem cell
-
based therapy
Spinal cord injury:
Example of embryonic stem cell
-
based therapy
Geron video:
http://www.geron.com/grnopc
1
clearance/
Stem cells for drug delivery
More focused delivery, fewer side affects
NSCs
injected
(no tumor)
NSCs
injected
(tumor)
Day
0
Day
7
Day
14
Shah et al.
Dev Neurosci
2004
What are stem cell technologies?
•
Cloning technologies
–
Is human cloning a technology?
–
What is different about cloning embryonic stem cells?
•
Induced Pluripotent Stem cells
–
New ways to potentially avoid the use of embryos
–
Disease
-
specific stem cell lines created
–
The promise and potential pitfalls of this approach
When does research actually become technology?
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
Cloning of embryonic stem cells
Egg cell
Udder cell
Types of Cloning
Outline of Presentation
•
Introduction to fertilization and embryonic
development
•
What makes stem cells unique?
•
What do stem cells look like?
•
What are the different types of stem cells?
•
What are examples of stem cell research,
therapies, and technologies?
•
Conclusion and future directions
Why do researchers want to use embryonic
stem cells along with other technologies?
•
Pluripotent
–
Expanded developmental potential allows them
to be used in ways that adult stem cells cannot
•
Can proliferate indefinitely in culture
•
Easier to obtain than adult stem cells
Science is discovering the unknown
•
Stem cell field is still in its infancy
•
Human embryonic stem cell research is a decade old,
adult stem cell research
has
30
-
year head start
•
Holds hope for curing
or
improving
treatments for
70
+ diseases
How can
you
help to shape the direction of this field?
Students:
https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/stemcell
2010
Teacher:
https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/stemcellteach
2010
Take our survey please!
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