Gel Electrophoresis
The DNA must first be cut
using restriction enzymes.
An
electric current is used to
separate DNA fragments
according to the size.
The smaller fragments move
farther faster than the larger
ones.
Gel Electrophoresis
Gel Electrophoresis
DNA Fingerprinting
Method of comparing the genetic similarities or
differences between individuals.
This technology is often used as a forensic tool to
identify the source of blood and tissue samples found
at crime scenes.
Types of DNA Fingerprinting
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP)
(old)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
(new)
DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting
Genetic Engineering
Altering the genetic material of a cell or organism to
change its ability to produce new gene products a.k.a.
Proteins!
Done by manipulating an organism's genetic material
by inserting or deleting specific genes.
This is also called
–
Genetic Modification
.
Thus, any organism that has been genetically altered
is called a
Genetically Modified Organism
(G.M.O.)
Genetic Engineering
Recombinant DNA
DNA combined from more than one source
-
often
from very different species.
Recombinant DNA is also referred to as
gene
splicing
. This technique is now the basis for many
biotechnology advances.
Usually, the gene wanted is inserted into a bacterium.
Because this bacterium divides quickly, the new gene
can be cloned in a short time.
Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA
Transgenic Animals
An animal
that carries a foreign gene that has been
deliberately inserted into its genome.
Example:
Normal mice cannot be infected with polio virus.
They lack the cell
-
surface molecule that, in humans, serves as
the receptor for the virus. So normal mice cannot serve as an
inexpensive
, easily
-
manipulated model for studying the
disease. However, transgenic mice expressing the
human gene for the polio virus receptor can be
infected by polio virus and even develop paralysis and
other pathological changes characteristic of the
disease in humans.
Transgenic Animals
Transgenic Animals
Transgenic Plants
A genetically modified plant with a new gene that may
impart a new function.
Most transgenic plants are created to help increase
yield in crops through:
Improved Nutritional Quality
Insect Resistance
Disease Resistance
Herbicide Resistance
Salt Tolerance
Drought Tolerance
Transgenic Plants
Cloning
Process of making a clone, a genetically identical copy.
Cloning can refer to the technique of producing a
genetically identical copy of an organism by replacing
the nucleus of an unfertilized ovum with the nucleus
of a body cell from the organism.
Cloning
Dolly the Sheep
The first adult mammal cloned was Dolly the Sheep in 1997.
Cloning
Cloning
Gene Therapy
Insertion of normal or genetically altered genes into
cells.
Usually to replace defective genes especially in the
treatment of cancers and genetic disorders.
Gene Therapy
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