Ship Design & Engineering

Ship Design

& Engineering

Introduction

•
Principles of ship design

•
Basic ship structure, including forces

•
Ship structural elements

•
Compartment Numbering

•
Submarine Design

•
Piping Systems & Coloring

Basic Design Considerations

•
Operation Employment

•
Mission:

task or job ship is designed to perform

•
Armament:

measure of offensive & defensive
power of ship

•
Protection:

features designed to thwart or
minimize destructiveness of enemy attack

•
Maneuverability:

rapid course/speed changes

•
Cruising range:

distance a ship can travel at
cruising speed without refuel/reprovision

Basic Design Considerations

•
Structural design & seaworthiness

•
Stability:

ability of ship to return to an upright
position when heeled over

•
Displacement:

measured in tons of water

•
Freeboard:

vertical distance between top of
hull and water line

•
Hull shape

•
Beam

Basic Forces Acting on Ships

•
Stress

•
Load per unit area (psi)

•
Tension, compression, shear, torsion

•
Strain

•
Deformation per unit length

•
Longitudinal Bending

•
Sagging

•
Hogging

Stress

•
Def’n: load a member is carrying per unit
area (psi)

•

Types:

•

Tension:

axial stress
exerted by pulling

•

Compression:

axial stress
exerted by pressure on ends

•

Shear:

equal but opposite
forces at right angle

•

Torsion:

stress caused by
twisting motion

Strain

•
Def’n: the distortion/deformation per unit
length as a result of stress

•
Measured in inches per inch (in/in)

Sagging

•
Condition where ship is supported more at
its ends

•
Compression of main deck

•
Tension of the bottom/keel

Hogging

•
Condition where ship is supported more in
its middle

•
Tension of main deck

•
Compression of bottom/keel

Ship Structural Elements

•
Keel

•
Centerline backbone of ship

•
Runs the length of the ship

•
Framing

•
Ribs of ship, provide structural strength
-
> define
form of ship

•
Types:

•
Transverse (extend outward from keel)

•
Longitudinal (parallel to keel, run length of ship)

Ship Structural Elements

•
Bottom

•
Cellular region comprised of keel & framing

•
Plating

•
Skin over framework
-
> rectangular steel plates
welded together

Ship Structural Elements

•
Decks

•
“Floors” of a ship (sometimes called “levels”)

•
Horizontal partitions that form tiers

•
Main deck is uppermost complete deck

•
Bulkhead

•
“Walls” of a ship

•
Horizontal partitions that form compartments

•
Can either be structural or non
-
structural
(joiner)

Ship Structural Elements

Ship Structural Elements

•
Doors

•
Passage between spaces on SAME level

•
Can be Water
-
Tight (sealed with “dogs”)

•
Individually acting v. Quick
-
acting

•
Hatches

•
Passage between spaces on DIFFERENT levels

•
Most are water
-
tight boundaries

Compartment Numbering

•
System used for ships built after 1949

•
4 main parts

•
Deck


•
Frame

•
Compartment

•
Use




ex:

5
–

32
–

0
–

E



Deck


Frame

Compartment

Use

Compartment Numbering

•
Deck:


•
Meaning: “Space is located on this deck”

•
Upper levels are 01,02… successively from main

•
Main deck is 1


•
Lower decks are 2,3,4… successively from main

Compartment Numbering

•
Frame:


•
Meaning: “Forward boundary of compartment
is on or immediately aft of this frame number”

•
Sequential number given to transverse frames
fore to aft

Compartment Numbering

•
Compartment:


•
Indicates position of compartment relative to
centerline

•
Centerline compartments are “0”

•
Numbers follow in succession from centerline
outboard

•
Even numbers for Port side (2,4,6, …)

•
Odd numbers for Starboard side (1,3,5, …)

… 6 4 2 0 1 3 5 …


Port

Centerline

Starboard

Compartment Numbering

•
Use:


•
Letter that designates primary use of the space

•
Examples

•
“A”: Supply & Storage

•
“C”: Control (ship control or fire control)

•
“E”: Engineering

•
“F”: Fuel tank

•
“L”: Living

•
“M”: Ammunition

•
“T”: Trunk

•
“V”: Void

•
“W”: Water tank


Submarine Design

•
Hull (made of HY
-
80 or HY
-
90 steel)

•
Watertight envelope designed to resist
submergence pressure at CRUSH DEPTH

•
Inner hull (pressure hull)

•
Outer hull (non
-
pressure hull)

Submarine Design

•
Structural Members

•
Similar to surface ship but rounded for
submarine hull shape and THICKER

•
All levels have expansion joints (varying
submergence pressures)

Piping & Valve Numbering
Systems

•
White

•
Yellow

•
Purple

•
Dark Gray

•
Light Gray/Tan

•
Blue

•
Light Blue

•
Orange

Steam

Oil

JP
-
5

HP Air

LP Air

Chillwater

Feedwater

Hydraulics

•

Numbering system for valves similar to that for
compartments (ie: MS
-
1, MS
-
2, etc.)

Questions, Comments,
Concerns?