ECE 265
Introduction to Microcontroller Based Systems
(A first course in computer architecture)
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Lecture Overview
Outline of the course
Syllabus
General guidelines and policies
A basic overview of computer architecture
The Von Neumann Architecture
The Harvard architecture
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
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The Syllabus
This is ECE 265
–
Introduction to Microprocessor
Based Systems
Objective
–
A basic understanding of computer
architecture, specifically microcontrollers, along with
an understanding of the uses and application of
microcontrollers.
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General guidelines and policies
Generally a quiz each week. Typically on Wednesday.
Quiz will not necessarily be announced each week. Lowest
Grade dropped.
NO MAKEUP QUIZZES
Homework due two classes after assigned. NO LATE
HOMEWORKS will be accepted. Homework will be
delivered to a
dropbox
in CARMEN.
Dropbox
will not close
but no submissions after due date will be graded.
Midterm exam will be announced one week prior.
Final exam is during Finals Week
Monday March 12 11:30
-
1:18 in this room.
Other details on syllabus
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A Basic Overview of Computer
Architecture
For your reference you can find much of this
information on Wikipedia.
But can you trust wikipedia?
When was the first computer created?????
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Early computing technology
Early computing could be traced back to the abacus.
When was the abacus in use?
Around 2700 B.C.
In the mid 1600’s
Blaise
Pascal designed and
implemented a mechanical calculator.
Note:
Today we use voltage level to represent a logical
TRUE and FALSE. There is no reason that the physical
position of a mechanical component cannot do the same
thing.
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A little more modern
Charles Babbage 1792
-
1871
The Difference Engine
The Difference Engine 2
Basically a programmable calculator
Calculated artillery tables
The Analytic Engine
–
a more advanced machine
Used punch cards for input
A precursor to the modern computer
Boole 1815
-
1864
Boolean Algebra
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Still, a little more modern
The von Neumann
architecture
–
1940s
and 50s
A stored
-
program
computer that uses a
central processing unit
and a single separate
storage structure that
hold both instructions
and data.
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Basic operation of architecture
Instructions are executed in
sequence
First step during execution
MEM(PC)
IR
Send contents of PC (Program
counter) to memory
Memory responds with the
contents at that address placing
it on the data bus.
Increment the PC
(PC+1
-
>PC)
The values on the data bus are
loaded into the instruction
register
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Decode Instruction and execute
Say the instruction was a
load immediate
This means that the next
word in the instruction
stream is the data that
we want loaded into the
accumulator
Operation is now
MEM(PC)
Accum
Also increment the PC
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More von Neumann
Earliest computers had fixed programs
–
such as a desk
calculator
The von Neumann architecture introduced the concept
of a stored program. In fact, in early computers, they
often wrote programs that self modified.
Self
-
modifying code
is now seen as a
very bad
programming
practice (also, it really isn’t needed).
von Neumann’s was very familiar with Alan Turing’s
(1912
-
1954) work
–
the Turing Machine (1936).
Both von Neumann and Turing wrote papers on stored
program computers.
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Some Early von Neumann architectures
ORDVAC (U of Ill)
-
1951
IAS machine (Princeton)
-
1952
MANIAC I (Las Alamos)
-
1952
ILLIAC (U of Ill)
-
1952
AVIDAC (Argonne National Labs)
–
1953
ORACLE at Oak Ridge
Ntl
Lab
–
1953
JOHNNIAC at RAND Corp
–
1954
BESK in Stockholm
–
1953
PERM in Munich
-
1956
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Early Microprocessors
The Intel 4004
–
1971
16
-
pin DIP package
92,000 instructions per sec
10.8 microseconds per instruction
Processor had a small address space for data and a small
address space for instructions
Designed for use in calculators
Was the core element for the early electronic calculators
–
early calculators did basic arithmetic.
Early microprocessors were often programmed in assembler
or machine code. Compilers and many modern high level
programming languages just didn’t exist.
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The Harvard Architecture
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In the traditional von Neumann architecture memory
holds both programs and data
In the Harvard Architecture you have separate
memory spaces for data and programs. (term that
came into use during the late 1990s)
This is not really a new concept as the 4004 had
separate data and program memory address
spaces.
Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
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Basically a features issue.
Microprocessor
–
(
the physical processor chip
)
Composed of control unit, register, arithmetic and logic units
NO Memory,
MaybeTimers
, No direct external I/O ports
Does have pins for a data bus and an address bus
When implemented in a PC, add a keyboard for input, a monitor, a mouse, a
printer, etc.
Mircocontroller
Central core of microprocessor but limited capabilities in regards to registers,
memory size, and speed.
On board memory
Several Timers
I/O configurable ports
In implementation, may or may not have a keyboard, rather a keypad/switches
for input or other types of control, often does not have monitor
Lecture summary
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Have covered
What will be covered by this course and how the course
will operate
The syllabus, general guidelines and policies
An introduction to the history of computing
–
computer
are not new
The von Neumann architecture
Other architecture focuses
Assignment
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What is a Turing machine?
HW1
-
Write up what a Turing machine is and how
a Turing Machine executes a program. (submit to
dropbox HW1) Write 2/3 to 1 ½ pages.
Due dates on web page.
There are many sources for this assignment
Google web search
Wikipedia
Library
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