Robots in Autism
A sampling of
Approaches and Anecdotes
4 Dec 2008
Outline
Who’s who, and their robots
Observed Behaviors
Proto
-
therapies
Key assumptions
Trends
Who’s who
First apparent use:
Using LOGO to catalyse
communication in an autistic child.
1976.
S. Weir and R. Emmanuel,
Technical report
DAI Research Report No. 15, University of Edinburgh,
Common origins:
Rod Brooks’s
lab at MIT,1998
-
99
nexus
Dautenhahn, Scassellati, Kozima
Who’s who:
common roots
---
Rod Brooks
Kerstin Dautenhahn
U. Hertfordshire, UK
Francois Michaud
U. de Sherbrooke, Canada
Brian Scassellati
Yale, USA
Hideki Kozima
Japan
Maja Mataric
USC, USA
Who’s who, and their robots:
Dautenhahn
Kaspar
Who’s who, and their robots:
Dautenhahn, Billard
Robota
Who’s who, and their robots:
Dautenhahn
Non
-
humanoids
Who’s who and their robots:
Dautenhahn & Robins
Humans
Who’s who and their robots:
Michaud
Who’s who and their robots:
Kozima
Who’s who and their robots:
Kozima
Who’s who and their robots:
Kozima
“
My motivation [is] to understand
human communication, and the
developmental process behind
language, so that I can recreate
that model in machines.
…
Autism is a disability in verbal
and nonverbal communication
skills. By understanding autism,
we can gain knowledge of the
normal cognitive processes
behind communication.
”
Who’s who, and their robots:
Mataric
http://cres.usc.edu/pubdb_html/files_upload/549.pdf
What behaviors are seen:
AURORA
Triadic interactions
What behaviors are seen:
AURORA
Turn
-
taking (or lack thereof)
Exclusive dyadic interactions
What behaviors are seen:
AURORA
Imitation
What behaviors are seen:
AURORA
Reaching out
What behaviors are seen:
Kozima
“
Autistic children will generally
be
scared
of Keepon at first, but
they are also very curious. After
several months they will
understand that Keepon will not
harm them, and then we will see
them start to
voluntarily touch
and
make eye
-
contact
with it.
…
almost all autistic children come
to enjoy their interactions with
Keepon. ... Why? I think it
’
s
because Keepon is simple.
”
What behaviors are seen:
Kozima (typical children)
[http://mainline.brynmawr.edu/DevRob05/schedule/papers/kozima.pdf]
What behaviors are seen:
Kozima
(1.5yr study, two 2
-
4 year
-
old children)
“
Keepon's simple appearance
and predictable responses gave
the autistic children a playful and
relaxed mood
”
“
[Spontaneous engagement] in
dyadic
play with Keepon
”
“
[Expansion into] interpersonal
communication where Keepon
worked as the
pivot of triadic
play
with adults or other
children.
”
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1513802
What behaviors are seen:
Mataric
The robot in an experimental setting. The
bubble
-
blowing robot
(left) is known to be
less intimidating
than a humanoid
robot (right).
http://cres.usc.edu/pubdb_html/files_upload/589.pdf
What behaviors are seen:
Mataric
A child interacting with a
…
robot that responds to the
child
’
s behavior
…
will
exhibit more social behavior
than when interacting with a
[robot that responds
randomly]
http://cres.usc.edu/pubdb_html/files_upload/589.pdf
What behaviors are seen:
Mataric
Dark: contingent robot
Light: random robot
Total
speech
Robot
speech
Parent
speech
Total
Robot
Inter
-
action
Push
button
Re
-
sponse
to
robot
Di
-
rected
Inter
-
action
http://cres.usc.edu/pubdb_html/files_upload/589.pdf
What (proto) Therapies:
AURORA
Imitation
What (proto) Therapies:
AURORA
Robot as mediator for social
interaction
What (proto) Therapies:
AURORA
Shared attention
What (proto) Therapies:
AURORA
Mutual gaze
What (proto) Therapies
Dautenhahn & Francois
Play
Dyadic: child
-
robot
--
progressively better balanced
interaction
Triadic: child
-
robot
-
experimenter
Therapies:
robot
-
assisted play
automatic recognition of human
-
robot interaction styles in real time
adaptive robot responsive to
different styles
What (proto) therapies:
Kozima
“
If Keepon can become a
trigger
for autistic children to
experience social interaction,
then it might support their
social
development
. If a robot can
become a catalyst between the
child
’
s natural growth and desire
to interact, and the power of [or
a tool for]
people supporting
the child
(such as parents and
therapists), that would be great.
”
Key assumptions
Robots are predictable
Robots are simple … “not toys
nor a human”
--
Kozima
[http://mainline.brynmawr.edu/DevRob05/schedule/papers/kozima.pdf]
Robots engage and hold interest
for children w/ ASD
Robot autonomy and adaptation
is useful
Therapist
-
mediated activity is
useful
Children w/ ASD can play w/
robots
Trends
Use robots that are much
simpler than humans
Support basic contingency
-
based
autonomy OR
Wizard of Oz
-
based contingent
behavior
Children need to acclimate
Dyadic interaction facilitates
triadic interaction
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