Analytical Solutions for Heat
Flow in IC Interconnects
Kuntal Bhattacharyya
Project Synopsis
Project '03
Kuntal Bhattacharyya
2
Topics Covered
•
Failures in Interconnects
•
Reliability Concepts
•
Interconnect Thermal Profile
•
Hot Spots and Via Effects
•
Thermal Resistance in Interconnects
•
Calculation of Healing Length
•
Static Heat solution in (r,z,fi) plane
Project '03
Kuntal Bhattacharyya
3
Failures in Interconnects
1,2
•
Electromigration
•
“
Current Crowding
”
•
Increase in Joule/Self
Heating
•
Increase in the overall
line temperature
Project '03
Kuntal Bhattacharyya
4
Reliability Measures
•
Electromigration is a temperature dependent
effect. Temperature control is necessary.
This needs efficient Self Heating.
•
Current density is to be kept low. Ensured
by proper Interconnect parameters ( L, R/L,
C/L)
•
To achieve reasonable Interconnect lifetime,
ITRS standards should be maintained.
Project '03
Kuntal Bhattacharyya
5
Interconnect Thermal Profile
3,4,5
Assumptions
•
Though ‘k’ is a function of
temperature and position, it is
assumed to be constant.
•
All four sidewalls are
considered to be adiabatic.
•
Heat is exchanged only through
the underlying substrate.
Project '03
Kuntal Bhattacharyya
6
Interconnect Heat Flow
3
•
Under stated assumptions and steady state conditions, the system of
heat equation is
k[
2
T/
x
2
+
2
T/
y
2
+
2
T/
z
2
]+Q* =0
•
The 1
-
D equation is
2
T/
x
2
=
-
Q*/k
m
The volumetric heat generation rate
Q*
is a factor of
1.
Power generation rate due to RMS current.
2.
Heat loss rate between interconnect and substrate.
•
The summarized interconnect heat flow equations:
d
2
T
line
(x)/dx
2
=
2
T
line
(x)
-
2
T
ref
(x)
-
2
=1/ k
m
[{k
ox
(1+0.88 t
ox
/w)/t
m
t
ox
}
-
I
2
rms
i
⼠
2
t
m
2
]
= I
2
rms
i
/ w
2
t
m
2
k
m
•
Significance of
T
ref
Project '03
Kuntal Bhattacharyya
7
Substrate Thermal Profile
3,5
•
Using the two boundary
conditions T(x=0)= T
ref
and
T(x=L)= T
ref
the interconnect
thermal profile is obtained as
T(x)= (
/
2
)[1
-
{sinh
砫獩sh
⡌
-
x)}/sinh
L崫]
ref
•
Concept of “VIA” and its
importance in heat flow.
Project '03
Kuntal Bhattacharyya
8
Heat Profile Incorporating Via Effect
6
•
Healing length
L
H
=[ (k
M
H t
ILD
/ k
ILD
).(1/s)]
0.5
•
Heat spread factor
s=w
effective
/w
W
effective !!!!!
•
Temperature along wire:
T(x)=
T
0
+
max
[
1
-
{cosh(x/
L
H
)/
cosh(L/
2
L
H
)}]
;
L/
2
x
-
䰯
2
Where
T
max
(=j
2
rms
L
2
H
/ k
M
)
•
Hot spots and vias
Project '03
Kuntal Bhattacharyya
9
Heat profile with test parameters
For the 100nm technological node,
•
W=d=2
m
•
H=t
ILD
=0.8
m
•
k
ILD
=k
SiO2
=1.4W/mK
•
k
M
=k
aluminum
=216.5W/mK
•
M
=
aluminum
=2.65E
-
8
m
•
The length of the interconnect is
the distance between the two ends
of the vias
Therefore, L= 50
m
•
The temperature at different points
on the 50
m length of the
interconnect have been found and
plotted using different values of
“x”, that accounts for the location.
X=0 is the middle of the wire.
Project '03
Kuntal Bhattacharyya
10
Interconnect thermal resistance
•
Rth
e
-
e
=(1/k
M
).L/(w.t)
•
So, the thermal resistance per
unit length:
Rth
e
-
e
/L=1/(k
M.
w.t)= f (w, t)
Project '03
Kuntal Bhattacharyya
11
Chip thermal resistance
Project '03
Kuntal Bhattacharyya
12
Calculation of healing length
6,7
•
Heat flow in devices
•
Should be calculated neglecting
self heating.
•
Comparison between
effects of L
H1
& L
H2
Project '03
Kuntal Bhattacharyya
13
Summary
•
Heat flow equations have been analyzed for an
interconnect, independently, with via
-
effect and
with substrate profile.
•
Thermal resistance of the interconnect and the
chip has been studied. Healing length has been
calculated for given device parameters.
•
Present and future work involves a study of the
static heat conduction equation in the chip in
cylindrical coordinates, and analysis of the
solution.
Project '03
Kuntal Bhattacharyya
14
Bibliography
[1]
Thermal and Electrical Simulation of Deep Submicron Interconnection
Systems
-
R.Streiter, H Wolf, Z Zhu, X Xiao, T Gessner .
[2]
http://www.csl.mete.metu.edu.tr/Electromigration/emig.htm
[3]
K Banerjee, Pedram and Ajami,
Analysis and Optimization of Thermal Issues
in High
-
Performance VLSI
, ISPD’01, April 1
-
4, 2001, Sonoma, California,
USA .
[4]
Ajami, Banerjee, Pedram and Van Ginneken,
Analysis of Non
-
Uniform
Temperature
-
Dependent Interconnect Performance in High Performance
Ics
, DAC’01, June 18
-
22, 2001, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
[5]
Ajami, Pedram and Banerjee,
Effects of Non
-
Uniform Substrate Temperature
on the Clock Signal Integrity in High Performance Designs
, CICC 2001.
[6]
Chiang, Banerjee, Saraswat,
A New Analytical Thermal Model For Multilevel
ULSI Interconnects Incorporating Via Effects
, CIS, Stanford University, CA
[7]
J S Brodsky,
Physics
-
based thermal impedance models for the simulation of
self
-
heating in semiconductor devices and circuits
, Dissertation presented to
the University of Florida, 1997.
Enter the password to open this PDF file:
File name:
-
File size:
-
Title:
-
Author:
-
Subject:
-
Keywords:
-
Creation Date:
-
Modification Date:
-
Creator:
-
PDF Producer:
-
PDF Version:
-
Page Count:
-
Preparing document for printing…
0%
Comments 0
Log in to post a comment