Hypercar
Pollution Prevention
Michelle Bates
What is a Hypercar?
•
Ultralight, Low
-
Drag, Hybrid
-
Electric
Vehicle (HEV)
•
2 Sources of energy:
–
Fuel cells, gas turbines, diesels, lean burn
gasoline engines
–
Flywheels, batteries, ultracapacitors
•
2 Drive trains
–
Internal Combustion Engine
-
gas or alt. fuels
–
Battery driven electric
Drivesystems
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Conventional
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Internal combustion engine coupled to wheels
through the transmission, driveshaft, etc.
•
Hybrid
-
Electric
–
Engine (or other power source) generates
electricity from fuel, which then powers electric
motors that turn the wheels
Six Main Sources of Energy Loss
in a Conventional Car:
Hypercar Strategies to Reduce
Energy Losses
•
Ultralight
–
1994 Average U.S. Passenger car 1439 kg
–
2000
-
2005 Hypercar (4
-
5 seat) 521 kg
•
Low Aerodynamic Drag
•
Hybrid
-
Electric Drivesystem
•
Efficient Accessories
Ultralight
•
Composites
–
Embed strong reinforcing fibers in a supporting
"matrix" of polymer
•
Advanced Composites
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Long or continuous reinforcing fibers such as
carbon or aramid (kevlar) in addition to glass
Advanced Composite Materials
•
Advantages
-
50
-
65% reduction in
weight
-
Crashworthy
-
Design Flexibility
-
Durability
-
Manufacturing
•
Disadvantages
-
$
GM’s 1991 Ultralite Concept Car
Mass Decompounding
Low
-
Drag Aerodynamic Design
•
Smooth underbody
•
Low
-
angle windshields
•
Tapered rear end
•
Minimized body seams
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Aerodynamically designed air intakes,
suspension, and wheel wells
•
Result: 40
-
50% decrease in drag
Rolling Resistance
•
1/3 engine output lost
•
Solution
–
lightweight car
–
tire improvements
–
improved wheel
bearing and brake
design
•
Reduction in rolling
resistance by 50
-
80%
Hybrid
-
Electric Drive
•
Series
–
Engine with generator
to supply electricity for
battery pack and
electric motor
–
No mechanical
connection
–
Power transferred
electrically to wheel
motor
•
Parallel
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Direct mechanical
connection between
hybrid power unit and
wheels
–
Electric motor drives
the wheels
–
Example
Hybrid
-
Electric Drive
Series
Parallel
Hybrid
-
Electric Drive
•
Generate electricity
from the fuel, powers
wheel motors
•
Electric motors can
recover part of the
braking energy
Wheel Motor
Hybrid
-
Electric Drive
•
Large decrease in engine size
–
reduces weight, cost, fuel consumption
•
Drive system efficiency doubled
Efficient Accessories
•
Avoid heat buildup by using:
–
Insulation, special heat
-
reflecting glass, solar
-
powered vent fans
–
Innovative cooling and dehumidification systems
–
Improved headlights and taillights
•
More efficient electronics and interior
lighting systems
Hypercar
Whole Systems Approach
•
Optimizing parts individually results in
inefficiency overall
•
Hypercar is cost effective when the entire
system is designed for efficiency
Hypercar Safety
•
Advanced composites
•
Smaller propulsion system
–
room at both ends of the car for materials
dedicated to crash energy management
•
Front and side airbags, harnesses with
pretensioners and stress
-
limiters, padding,
active headrests
Pollution Prevention
•
Hypercars would go roughly 2
-
4 times
farther on a unit of fuel
–
decreased overall carbon dioxide emissions
–
lower emissions per vehicle mile traveled
•
Alternative fuels
Fuel Efficiency
Life Cycle Assessment
•
Advanced Composites are durable
–
won’t rust, dent or chip
•
Total weight is much less, so there is less
pure waste produced
Current Status
•
Hypercars do not currently exist
•
Hybrid
-
electric vehicles (HEVs) do exist
•
Chrysler, Ford and GM
–
Year 2000 prototype HEVs
–
Year 2003 release HEVs on the U.S. market
•
Department of Energy HEV Propulsion
Program
–
Funds 50% of development costs
Toyota’s Hybrid
-
Electric Prius
Sedan
•
Japanese market for
one year
•
Not ultralight (weighs
330 lbs. more)
•
66 miles per gallon
•
Emissions reduced to
1/10th the Japanese
legal requirement
•
U.S. market year 2000
Toyota Prius
Toyota Camry
Engine
1.5
-
liter, 16
valve, 4
-
cyl
2.2
-
liter, 16
valve, 4
-
cyl
Engine
Output
58 hp at 4,000
rpm
136 hp at 5,200
rpm
Fuel
Efficiency
66 mpg
23 mpg
Max.
Range
850 miles
500 miles
ABS
Standard
Optional
Price
~$20,000
$17,873
Future Projections
•
Zero
-
Emission Vehicles (ZEVs)
–
One tenth of new cars sold in five U.S. states
by 2004
•
Half of all vehicles Hypercars by 2020
–
Overall fuel consumption 25 percent less than
today's level
Battery Electric Cars vs. Hybrid
-
Electric Cars
•
Battery Electric
–
Run on electricity stored in
onboard batteries
–
Gasoline contains 100 times
more energy per pound than
batteries
–
Several thousand pounds of
batteries (mass compounding)
–
Range less than 150 miles
Battery Electric Cars vs. Hybrid
-
Electric Cars
•
Battery
-
Electric
–
Batteries must be
replaced every few
years
–
Batteries cost $2000
-
$15,000 each
–
Batteries not recyclable
–
Emission shifting
GM’s EV1
Battery Electric Cars vs. Hybrid
-
Electric Cars
•
Hybrid
-
Electric Cars
–
Wheels powered by electric motor or motors,
convert fuel into energy as they go
–
Alternative fuel sources (Ex: renewable fuel
cells)
–
Decrease carbon dioxide emissions
–
Increased engine and drive systems efficiency
–
Mass decompounding
Economic Impacts: The Winners
•
Makers of power electronics,
microelectronics, advanced electric motors
and small engines, alternative power plants
and storage devices, and software
•
Composite materials, structures, and tooling
and manufacturing equipment suppliers
•
Providers of polymers, fibers, coatings, and
adhesives for the composites industry
•
Aerospace firms
Economic Impacts: Losers
•
Iron and steel industries (a Hypercar has
92% less iron and steel)
•
Heavy machine tools
•
Oil for motor fuel
•
Automotive fluids and lubricants
For More Information
•
The Hypercar Center
–
www.hypercarcenter.org
•
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Program
–
www.hev.doe.gov
•
Rocky Mountain Institute
–
www.rmi.org
•
Toyota Prius
–
www.toyota.com
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