BI. 4c
Students know
how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not affect the expression of the
gene, or the sequence of amino acids in an encoded protein.
BI.4.d
Students know specialization of cells in
multicellular
organisms is usually due to different patterns of gene
expression rather than to differences of the genes themselves.
BI 5c
Students know
how genetic engineering (biotechnology) is used to produce novel biomedical and agricultural
products.
DNA
PROTEIN
CODE
CELL
FUNCTION
DNA
RNA
Protein
Transcription (nucleolus)
Translation (
ribosomes
)
All types of cells in a person’s body carry
the same DNA
.
DNA
Code/Gene
Nerve cell
protein
Nerve cell
function
Liver cell
protein
Liver cell
function
Genes are expressed/transcribed when
the cell needs it.
Each cell expresses different parts of the DNA.
WALL
MALL
MAUL
HAUL
?
?
ATTTCGAGCCGTAAGC
•
Original code
ATTTCGAGC
G
GTAAGC
•
One
-
nucleotide change
DNA
•
Changes in DNA code/Sequence
PROTEIN
•
Changes protein ( shape or different
protein)
FUNCTION
•
Abnormal cell function
Point mutations
single nitrogen base change
▪
silent mutation
▪
no amino acid change
▪
redundancy in code
▪
missense
▪
change amino acid
▪
nonsense
▪
change to stop
codon
Complete the video guide while watching
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CsgXHd
WqVs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UpwV1t
dxcs
What kind of mutation?
Missense
!
Frameshift
shift in the
reading
frame
▪
changes everything
“downstream”
insertions
▪
adding base(s)
deletions
▪
losing base(s)
Where would this mutation
cause the most change:
beginning or end of gene?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxhQAQYg
rKY&NR=1
Gametes/sex cell mutations
Yes
Ex. Changes in egg and sperm cell genes due to
chemicals
Somatic/body cell mutations
No
Ex. Scars on your mother’s hand as a result of
an accident
Plasmids used to insert new genes into bacteria
gene we
want
cut
DNA with
restriction
enzymes
cut plasmid DNA
insert “gene we want” into
plasmid
...“
glue”
together
with
ligase
like what?
…insulin
…
Human Growth
Hormone
…
healthy genes
Cut DNA?
DNA scissors?
recombinant
plasmid
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