semester 1 test review.pptx - LeMars Community Schools

Semester 1

TEST REVIEW

This is a comprehensive test review

•
This is a review over the info. that we
have covered in this first semester of
biology.

•
Therefore: I cannot guarantee we’ll
cover EVERY question on the final.

•

Test questions will not go in order of
chapters on the actual test.


Details to add to your review sheet…

•
Page numbers are given on several slides to
help you to quickly find the information that
you may want to review.

•
Use them as needed.

•
Write down additional information as we
discuss and go over each topic.

•
Ask questions about information that you
don’t remember, want clarification on, but
wait for the slide to finish first please.

The details…

•
110
mult
. choice questions


•
You may use 1 side of a piece of notebook
paper, 8 1/2 x 11 inches as a “cheat sheet”


•
Your cheat sheet must be
handwritten
, (not
typed),
have
your name
on it, and will need to
be
turned in
with your test.

Ch. 1

•
What is the goal of science?


To understand the ___________ around you.


•
Scientific Method

1. State the problem

2.Make Hypothesis

3.Experiment

4.Collect and record data

5.Come to a conclusion

•
Experiment

–
Control Group
-


•
Stays the same

–
Experimental Group

•
(variable), it’s what changes





*Measurements (basic units) p. 14

•

Length
–
m

•

Mass
-

kg

•

Volume
-

L

•

Temp
-

degrees C


*Study prefixes, metric system

*Metric system is based on powers of…

10




Lab Safety


Inside cover of your
book, go over


Single most
important rule
is…

•
Follow the teachers
directions.


Characteristics of Life

•
Made of cell(s)

•
Reproduce

•
Growth

•
Use energy

•
Respond to stimuli

Homeostasis

•
Known as the _______________ __________.


•
Ex. Water levels


Blood sugar level



Body temp.

Need to know…

•
Observation

•
Theory

•
Hypothesis

•
Ethical vs. Unethical
behavior in science

Ch. 2

•
Chunk words
-

to get the
meaning

Ex. Zoology

(zoo=animal,
ology
=study of)

Branches of biology

•
Nanotechnology p. 34

•
Biomimetics

p. 35

•
Genetic Engineering p. 33

–
Ex. Bt corn, you can use
less…

pesticides



Branches of bio. (cont.)

•
Assistive Technology p. 32

•
Battlefield medicine p.32

•
Biomolecular

materials p. 35


p.30
-
31 Low Tech solution for Cholera

•
Read over the info. on p. 30 for Health in the
21
st

Century.

•
A
sari

is mentioned on the test, know what it is
and how it is used.

•
P. 31, look over the info. on
vaccinations
.


How have vaccinations changed
our world population?

•
Microscopes

–
Compound light
-
(we use these)

–
Electron microscopes
-



•

T.E.M.
-

bounces electrons off an
object

•
S.E.M.
-
a scanning beam of electrons
moves back and forth

Ch. 3 Properties of Matter

•
Characteristic by which they are
identified

•
Should describe to the 5 senses

•
Describe physical properties,
length, mass, volume


•
Physical

and
Chemical

properties;

–
Physical, can be observed
and measured

–
Chemical, when a
substance is permanently
altered.


•
Structure of
ATOM


Nucleus




-

protons (positive)

-
neutrons (neutral)


Energy levels


-

electrons (negative)

Atom cont.

*
Atomic Number
= number of protons



= number of electrons too!


*
Mass number
= # of protons + # of
neutrons



=
p+n


?
-
What is the smallest particle that can


still be identified as an element?


•
Elements and Compounds



E
-

Pure, made of only 1 type of atom



C
-
Made of 2 or more elements p. 51
-
52


•
Radioactive isotope
-

used in medicine



Isotope

= different number of neutrons



Radioactive
= Greater
tha

n
83 on


periodic table are radioactive.

•
Chemical Reactions

–
Any process where a chemical change
occurs

–
Usually use equation…


Ex. O
2

+ 2H
2

2H
2
O


Know the reactants and products:


R P

Ch. 3
Properties Of Water

•
When water freezes it expands

•
It is a bent molecule; + on one end,
-

on
other

–
This makes it good as dissolving

–
“Universal Solvent”


BENT WATER
MOLECULE

In the human body, nearly 60 % is water



•
Mixtures


-
2 or more substances mixed
but not chemically combined.


-
Ex. Soil, air, salad

•
Solutions
-
solute dissolved by
solvent


-

Ex. Salt water, sugar water

Acids & Bases

•
Acids
, give off H+




-
low numbers

•
Bases
, give off OH
-



-
high numbers


pH Scale





Stronger Acids


1, 2, 3 7 10, 11 14


Stronger Bases


Neutral


(Ex. Water)

•
Organic vs. Inorganic

O
-

If it has carbon (is or was
alive)


I
-

If it doesn’t have carbon,
wasn’t ever alive


Note: Carbon is reactive, so
bonds very well.

4 Compounds of Life



1.
Carbohydrates

(sugars)p.60


Monomer=
monosaccharides


Polymer = Polysaccharide


*Give you energy



2.
Lipids

(fats, oils, waxes)p.61


Store energy




Chemical messengers


Form membranes

3.
Proteins p.62


Monomer= Amino Acid


Polymer=polypeptide


Ex. AA+AA =
Dipeptide
,
AA+AA+AA=
Tripeptide

*Enzymes are proteins, proteins
help cells move



4.
Nucleic Acids p.63


(RNA & DNA)


Monomer=Nucleotide

* Job is to store hereditary
info., or to be the blue
prints for a new organism.


Ch. 5 Populations & communities

Know terms:

•
Population p. 103

•
Carrying capacity p.105

•
Exponential growth p. 104

–
J
-
shaped

–
graph example is the human population

•
Logistic Growth p. 105

–
S
-
shaped

Abiotic

vs. Biotic

•
Abiotic

=



Non living



•
Biotic =



Living

Human Population…

•
Has now exceeded

–

6 billion

*As of 1/7/11


6.89 billion


Relationships

Know terms & examples for each:

Predator, prey

Co
-
evolution

Parasite, host

Symbiosis

Mutualism

Commensalism

Keystone species


More terms to know…

•
Niche

•
Fundamental niche(where
it
COULD survive)

•
Realized niche
(where it actually
DOES survive)

Ch. 7 Cells

Cell Theory


-
All cells come from cells


-
Cells are basic unit of life


-
All living things are made
of cells.

Scientists
p. 151


-
Van Leeuwenhoek
, first microscope


-
Hooke
, named the cell


-
Schleiden
, all plants made of cells


-
Schwann
, all animals made of cells


-
Virchow
, all cells come from cells


•
Cell Structure
(found in MOST cells)


-
Nucleus


-
Cytoplasm


-
Cell membrane

•
Prokaryote
= no nucleus
(bacteria)

•
Eukaryote
= has a nucleus

•
Organelles

(p. 156)


Smooth ER
-
transport system


R
ough ER
-
has
ribosomes

on it,
makes and transports proteins too.


Mitochondria
-
power house


Golgi apparatus
-

packages, sorts
and sends substances


•
Nucleus
-
nuclear envelope (covering)


-
nucleolus
-
made of RNA & proteins


-
chromosomes(made up of DNA)


Plant vs. Animal Cell

*cell wall




*
lysosome


*Chloroplast


*lg. water vacuole


*plastids

•
Diffusion
-
molecules move from high
to low concentration.

–
Osmosis
, diffusion of water


–
Hypotonic
, low amount of solute

–
Hypertonic
, high amount of solute

–
Isotonic
, equal amount of solute in
& outside cell


*
Facilitated diffusion
-
NO
energy
used

Ex. Sodium/Potassium pump,
pumps K+ into the cell and Na
out of the cell.

*
Active transport
-
uses energy


-
Pinocytosis
=“cell drinking”


-
Phagocytosis
=“cell eating”


Ch. 9 Photosynthesis

&
Cellular Respiration

•
3
Scientists


Van
Helmont


Priestly


Ingenhous

•
CO
2
+H
2
O C
6
H
12
O
6
+ O
2

•
Know where this occurs

–
Thylakoid
=Light Reaction

–
Stroma
= Dark Reaction

•
Light Reaction

•
Uses
: H
2
O

Produces:

O
2


ADP



ATP
-
(fuels
Dk.Rxn
)




NADP+



NADPH(fuels Dk.
Rxn
)


*
Dark Reaction

a.k.a. “Calvin Cycle” p.
206


*
Glycolysis

–
Where does this occur?

CYTOPLASM


-
End product is
pyruvic

acid/
pyruvate

•
Cellular Respiration
p.208

–
Occurs in mitochondria

•
Fermentation

p.212

–
No oxygen=anaerobic

–
2 kinds

•
Lactic acid & Alcoholic