•
first
-
year computer science students lack
programming comprehension
•
failing rate in an introduction to programming
class in Australia is as high 35%
•
30% of computer science students in the United
Kingdom and the United States did not
understand programming basics after their first
programming class
•
students have a fragile grasp of programming
and were unable to read, analyze, and trace
through short fragments of code
Research is conducted to:
◦
know the characteristics of novice programmers
◦
Causes of their problems
◦
Find possible solutions
lack of a mental model
misconception of programming constructs
lack of programming strategies
lack or absence of debugging strategies
Prior to entering CS1
◦
Gender
◦
secondary school performance
◦
dislike of programming
◦
intrinsic motivation and comfort level
◦
high school mathematics background
◦
prior programming experience
◦
attribution to luck for success/failure, and
◦
perceived understanding of the material
Behaviors that have positive effect on
performance:
◦
perfectionism and self
-
esteem, and
◦
high states of arousal or delight
Behaviors that have negative effect on
performance:
◦
disliking programming
◦
frustration
◦
Confusion
◦
boredom and
◦
IDE
-
related on
-
task conversation
Determine whether analysis of online
protocols can successfully identify/predict
at
-
risk novice Java programmers
◦
sequence of program compilations while performing
laboratory exercises
◦
Are gathered by enhancing development
environments used in programming to store data in
a database
1.
How do students with different
achievement levels differ in terms of
Error profiles?
Average time between compilation profiles?
EQ profiles?
2.
What factors can predict the midterm
score?
Participants
◦
143 Introduction to Computing students
Tools for Data Collection
◦
BlueJ
◦
WebServer
◦
Sqlite
Database
◦
LAN
Procedure
◦
Laboratory Setup
◦
Orientation
◦
Data Gathering
Data Analysis
◦
Data Cleaning
◦
Data Extraction
Data Analysis
◦
Generate summaries
Errors encountered
Time between compilations
Compute EQ score
◦
Use statistical tool R Stat
Perform one
-
way Anova to differentiate student groups
correlate EQ score with midterm exam score
◦
Use datamining tool (Rapidminer and Weka) for
creating linear regression models
Developed by Matthew Jadud
Quantifies students’ compilation behavior
Characterizes how much or little a student
struggles with syntax errors
EQ score ranges from 0.0 to 1.0, where a 1.0
is an indication that a student encountered
the same error all throughout the
compilations
Start
End
Do both
events end
in errors?
Add 2
Add 2
Add 2
Same error
location?
Same
error
type?
Same edit
location?
Add 3
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Lowest score=38
Highest score=96
Mean=75, Standard Deviation=13
Student Grouping:
◦
AtRisk
–
scores 62 and below
◦
HighPerforming
-
scores 89 and above
◦
Average= scores 63 to 88
HighPerforming group was significantly
different from the AtRisk and Average
groups at p < .001 and have lower number
of errors encountered compared to the two
Average group is not significantly different
from the AtRisk group
HighPerforming group was significantly
different from the AtRisk and Average groups
and they have higher average time between
compilations compared to the two groups
There was no significant difference between
the Average and AtRisk groups
the HighPerforming group was significantly
different from the Average and AtRisk groups
except on the time intervals
◦
21
-
30, 111
-
120 and >120 seconds for the Average
group
◦
81
-
90 seconds for the AtRisk group
the HighPerforming group have lower
number of compilations
there was no significant difference between
the Average and AtRisk group in all time
intervals
Linear Regression was performed to come up with models
-
regression
line in the form
Y =
aX
+ b
Two questions to ask about the model:
1.
Does the model fit the observed data well?
Compute correlation coefficient
r
, a measure of the relation between X
and Y
look at the
scatterplot
Compute R
2
–
the square of the correlation coefficient
r,
measures the
strength of the relationship between X and Y
Compute
BiC
’
-
Bayesian Information Criterion
2.
Can the model generalize to other samples?
•
Can the model predict the same outcome from the same set of
predictors in a different sample?
•
Adjusted R
2
–
indicates the loss of predictive power of the model
Model 1:
MidtermScore = 83.63049
-
0.0919*TotalErrors
p
-
value < .001,
BiC’ =
-
7.8,
Adjusted R
2
=0.161
Model 2:
MidtermScore = 83.50274
-
0.25632*UNKNOWN_VARIABLE
-
0.42035*CLASS_INTERFACE_EXP
-
0.75506*UNKNOWN_CLASS
p
-
value < .001,
r =
BiC’ =
-
10.2635,
Adjusted R
2
= 0.1994,
Model 3:
MidtermScore = 65.04788
+ 0.12107*AverageTBC_seconds
p
-
value < .01,
BIC =
-
1.97243,
Adjusted R
2
= 0.06512
Model 4:
MidtermScore = 87.4381
-
2.0042*Twenty
+ 6.4780*Ninety + 7.4892*Hundred
p
-
value < .01,
BIC =
-
7.01032,
Adjusted R
2
= 0.1263
Model 5:
MidtermScore = 92.918
-
64.396*EQ
p
-
value < .001,
BIC =
-
17.3303
Adjusted R
2
= 0.2971,
Model 6:
MidtermScore = 90.58643
-
43.33380*EQ
p
-
value < .001,
BIC =
-
20.8326,
Adjusted R
2
= 0.3073
We found:
◦
Students encounter similar error types
Total Errors Encountered
HighPerforming < Average <= AtRisk
◦
Three out of the top 10 errors may affect the
midterm scores of the Average and AtRisk students
◦
Average Time between compilations among
HighPerforming students are higher compared to the
Average and AtRisk students
◦
EQ among HighPerforming students are lower
compared to the Average and AtRisk students
Linear Models
◦
Informs which errors directly affects the midterm
score which implicitly points to the concepts that
AtRisk students need assistance
◦
High incidence of rapid fire compiling maybe a
symptom of AtRisk students
◦
EQ can significantly predict Midterm Scores
Use the models to automatically detect
AtRisk students while using an IDE
Implications on teaching: to address
concepts that help students resolve the
errors that directly affects performance
Questions?
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