Source: Wikipedia

環境生物技術

秦靜如

2007/10/17

Environmental Biotechnology

•
“the development, use and regulation of
biological systems for remediation of
contaminated environments (land, air, water),
and for environment
-
friendly processes”
—

the
International Society of Environmental Biotechnology

•
“the integration of natural sciences and
engineering in order to achieve the application
of organisms, cell, parts thereof and molecular
analogous for products and services
—

EFB
general Assembly, 1989

Environmental Microbiology

•
Microbiology in ecosystem

•
Microbiological process in wastewater
treatment

•
Composting of organic waste

•
Bioremediation of polluted soil


Environmental Biotechnology

•
Bioremediation

(Biological treatment)

–
Wastewater, waste, and soil treatments

•
Prevention

–
green manufacturing, agricultural biotechnology,
biofuel

•
Detection and monitoring

•
Genetic engineering


–
Molecular biology

Biological Treatment

•
Wastewater

–
Aerobic/anaerobic processes, denitrification

•
Drinking, processes, and recycled water

–
biofilm

•
Solid waste

–
Composting, anaerobic digestion

•
Soil

–
Bioremediation, plant

Biological Treatment
－
Activated Sludge

•
Aeration

•
Operation time

•
Production of sludge

•
Transform of nutrients (N and P)

•
Fermentation of organic waste by
microorganism.

•
Required proper heat, humidity, mixing of the
compost, and composition of microorganisms.

•
Heat and power are usually required



Biological Treatment
－
Composting

Biological Treatment
－

Bioremediation of soil

•
Use the natural ability of microorganisms to
degrade pollutants in soil in
-
situ or ex
-
situ.

•
Sometimes the soil can be more fertilized
after bioremediation.

•
The ecology of the environment has to be
studied carefully in order to preserve the
environment.



Production
-

Environmental Friendly Processes

•
Biodegradable products

•
Biopolymer

–
Bioplastic

–
Biofiber

•
Biologically enhanced processes

Enzyme

•
Biological catalysts that are highly efficient

•
Advantages

–
Non
-
toxic

–
Biodegradable

–
Work best at moderate temperature and in mild
conditions

–
Fewer side reactions than chemical catalysts

–
Cleaner and safer

Biofuel

•
Energy sources generated from biological
materials or processes

•
Biological processes

–
Anaerobic digestion, composting, combustion
(heat)

•
Biological materials

–
Corn, plants, sugar, organic waste, algae

–
Oil, ethanol, hydrogen (algae)

Detection and Monitoring

•
Faster detection for microorganisms.

•
Detection of pollutants via biochemical
reactions.

•
Using transducer such as light (optical),
current, conductivity, heat (thermistor)

–
Decrease the usage of chemical

–
Short detection time

–
No need for large amount of sample


Advantages of Biosensor

•
Decrease the usage of
chemical

•
On
-
line sensing, real
-
time monitoring

•
Fast response

•
Portable in many cases

•
Operate in complex
mixtures

•
Less expensive and
time consuming than
conventional methods

•
Very specific in
response

•
High sensitivity

•
No need for large
amount of sample


Biochip

Source: Wikipedia



Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

•
Molecular biology:
to study biology in the
molecular level

•
Biochemistry
: study of the chemical
substances and vital processes occurring in
living organisms.

•
There are DNA sequencing, Polymerase chain
reaction (PCR), recombinant DNA technology,
and etc.

Molecular Biology and Environment

•
By studying the ecology in a treatment
process or a natural environment to find the
dominant microorganisms and to understand
the fate of the pollutants

–
The microbial ecology of soil and water

–
Anaerobic and aerobic digesters

–
Contaminated groundwater

–
Evaluation of diversity


Genetic Engineering

•
Isolate and amplify the microorganisms for
specific purpose.

•
Genetic modification of organisms.

–
Microorganism: to introduce new ability to clean
up pollutants.

–
Plants: Increase insect resistance for crops.

•
Lower the usage of pesticides

•
Lower the capital loss