環境生物技術
秦靜如
2007/10/17
Environmental Biotechnology
•
“the development, use and regulation of
biological systems for remediation of
contaminated environments (land, air, water),
and for environment
-
friendly processes”
—
the
International Society of Environmental Biotechnology
•
“the integration of natural sciences and
engineering in order to achieve the application
of organisms, cell, parts thereof and molecular
analogous for products and services
—
EFB
general Assembly, 1989
Environmental Microbiology
•
Microbiology in ecosystem
•
Microbiological process in wastewater
treatment
•
Composting of organic waste
•
Bioremediation of polluted soil
Environmental Biotechnology
•
Bioremediation
(Biological treatment)
–
Wastewater, waste, and soil treatments
•
Prevention
–
green manufacturing, agricultural biotechnology,
biofuel
•
Detection and monitoring
•
Genetic engineering
–
Molecular biology
Biological Treatment
•
Wastewater
–
Aerobic/anaerobic processes, denitrification
•
Drinking, processes, and recycled water
–
biofilm
•
Solid waste
–
Composting, anaerobic digestion
•
Soil
–
Bioremediation, plant
Biological Treatment
-
Activated Sludge
•
Aeration
•
Operation time
•
Production of sludge
•
Transform of nutrients (N and P)
•
Fermentation of organic waste by
microorganism.
•
Required proper heat, humidity, mixing of the
compost, and composition of microorganisms.
•
Heat and power are usually required
Biological Treatment
-
Composting
Biological Treatment
-
Bioremediation of soil
•
Use the natural ability of microorganisms to
degrade pollutants in soil in
-
situ or ex
-
situ.
•
Sometimes the soil can be more fertilized
after bioremediation.
•
The ecology of the environment has to be
studied carefully in order to preserve the
environment.
Production
-
Environmental Friendly Processes
•
Biodegradable products
•
Biopolymer
–
Bioplastic
–
Biofiber
•
Biologically enhanced processes
Enzyme
•
Biological catalysts that are highly efficient
•
Advantages
–
Non
-
toxic
–
Biodegradable
–
Work best at moderate temperature and in mild
conditions
–
Fewer side reactions than chemical catalysts
–
Cleaner and safer
Biofuel
•
Energy sources generated from biological
materials or processes
•
Biological processes
–
Anaerobic digestion, composting, combustion
(heat)
•
Biological materials
–
Corn, plants, sugar, organic waste, algae
–
Oil, ethanol, hydrogen (algae)
Detection and Monitoring
•
Faster detection for microorganisms.
•
Detection of pollutants via biochemical
reactions.
•
Using transducer such as light (optical),
current, conductivity, heat (thermistor)
–
Decrease the usage of chemical
–
Short detection time
–
No need for large amount of sample
Advantages of Biosensor
•
Decrease the usage of
chemical
•
On
-
line sensing, real
-
time monitoring
•
Fast response
•
Portable in many cases
•
Operate in complex
mixtures
•
Less expensive and
time consuming than
conventional methods
•
Very specific in
response
•
High sensitivity
•
No need for large
amount of sample
Biochip
Source: Wikipedia
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
•
Molecular biology:
to study biology in the
molecular level
•
Biochemistry
: study of the chemical
substances and vital processes occurring in
living organisms.
•
There are DNA sequencing, Polymerase chain
reaction (PCR), recombinant DNA technology,
and etc.
Molecular Biology and Environment
•
By studying the ecology in a treatment
process or a natural environment to find the
dominant microorganisms and to understand
the fate of the pollutants
–
The microbial ecology of soil and water
–
Anaerobic and aerobic digesters
–
Contaminated groundwater
–
Evaluation of diversity
Genetic Engineering
•
Isolate and amplify the microorganisms for
specific purpose.
•
Genetic modification of organisms.
–
Microorganism: to introduce new ability to clean
up pollutants.
–
Plants: Increase insect resistance for crops.
•
Lower the usage of pesticides
•
Lower the capital loss
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