Chapter 1
History of Immunology
Introduction
Experiential Immunology period
Experimental Immunology period
Modern Immunology period
Immunology act as an independent subject:
(In 1971, International Conference of
Immunology, in USA )
Chapter 1 History of
Immunology
I. Experiential Immunology period
(the 17th century
-
the middle of
19th century)
In ancient times,many serious
infection diseases,such as
smallpox,plague and cholera
etc,caused inumerable people dead.
Do you know ? Plague !!!
---
Black Death Disease
What disease does this man have?
In 1670,
Chinese medical
practitioners :
variolation
Edward Jennar
----
An English physician
He discovered that cowpox vaccination
protected against smallpox in 1796
Vaccine:
A preparation of microbial antigen,often
combined with adjuvants,that is administered to
individuals to induce protective immunity against
microbial infections.
Vaccination:
A general term for immunization
against infectious diseases,orginally derived
from immunization against smallpox which uses
the Vaccinia virus.
They should be vaccinated first
Why do they not want to play with my kids?
II. Experimental Immunology
period
(the middle of 19th century
-
the
middle of 20th century)
1.Active immunity
In the middle of 19th century
R. Koch
----
Isolated and cultured bacteria
successfully
Pasteur
----
Infectious diseases were caused
by pathogens
Robert
Koch
In 1880,
Pasteur
----
Anti
-
cholera
live
-
attenuated
vaccine
(old culture of Chicken
V.cholera
)
----
Artificial
active immunity
Louis Pasteur(1822
-
1895)
Active immunity:
The form of adaptive immunity that is
induced by exposure to a foreign
antigen and in which the immunized
individual plays an active role in
responding to the antigen.
2. Passive immunity
In the late eighties of 19th century
Roux and Yersin
----
Diphtheria was caused by exotoxin
produced by
C.diphtheriae
The discovery of
diphtheriae
antitoxin
and bactericindins
Antitoxin
----
Antibody (Ab)
Exotoxin
----
Antigen (Ag)
Study on reaction of Ag and Ab
in vitro
----
Serology
In 1890,Von Behring and Kitasato
----
diphtheriae
antitoxin was applied in
treatment of Diphtheria
----
Artificial
passive immunity
Von Behring
Passive immunity:
The form of immunity to an antigen
that is established in one individual by
transfer of antibody or lymphocytes
from another individual who is immune
to that antigen.
Active immunity and passive
immunity
3. Study on antigen
In the early of 20th century,Landsteiner
----
Study on antigenic determinant(epitope)
----
ABO blood type
4. Study on immunochemistry
In 1938,Tiselius and Kabat
----
Ab is
globulin
In the fifties of 20th
century,Porter and Edelmen
----
Molecular structure of Ab:
4 peptides
Total serum
The electrophoresis figure of immune serum
Total serum
glubulin
Albumin
5. Study on immune tolerance
No positive response to specific Ag
In 1945, Oven found natural immune
tolerance
In 1953,Medawar set up animal model of
acquired immune tolerance in newborn
period.
cattle of dizygotic twin
Calf of dizygotic twins
Commonly use one placenta
Their blood types are
different and form chimeras
6. Hypothesis for Ab formation
Templates postulate (1930,Breinl and Haurowitz)
Variable folding postulate (1940,Pauling)
Natural selection postulate (1955,Jerne)
Clonal selection theory (1959, Burnet)
Clone: a group cells that stem from identical cell
Various clones
Clone deletion
Clone selection
birth
Clonal selection theory
(
1
)There
are
various
lymphocyte
clones
in
our
body,
each
of
them
bears
a
unique
type
of
Ag
receptor
which
can
recognize
Ag
specifically
.
Clonal selection theory
(2)The clones of lymphocytes that
can recognize
self
-
Ags
will be
destroyed or learn to tolerance to
self Ags
(forbidden clones)
at the
early stage of their
develop
ment
.
----
clone deletion
Clonal selection theory
(
3
)The
clones
of
lymphocytes
that
can
be
interacted
with
corresponding
Ag
will
be
selected
and
lead
to
activation,
proliferation
,
produce
Ab
and
specific
memory
cells
.
----
clone
selection
Clonal
selection theory
(
4
)
Forbidden
clones
can
be
revival
and
cause
antoimmunity
.
Clonal selection theory
There
are
various
lymphocyte
clones,
each
clone
only
bears
a
unique
type
of
Ag
receptor
The
clones
of
lymphocyte
that
can
recognize
self
-
Ags
will
be
destroyed
or
learn
to
tolerance
to
self
Ags
(forbidden
clones)
at
the
early
stage
of
their
develop
ment
---
clone
deletion
The
clones
of
lymphocytes
that
can
be
interacted
with
corresponding
Ag
(by
Ag
receptors
)
can
be
selected
and
lead
to
activation,
proliferation
,
produce
Ab
and
specific
memory
cells
---
clone
selection
Forbidden
clones
can
be
revival
and
cause
antoimmunity
.
7
.
Mechanism
of
protective
immunity
Cell mediated immunity(CMI)
-----
1883
-
1884,Metchnikoff:
Microorganisms were engulfed and destroyed
by phagocytic cells
Humoral
immunity(HI)
----
1897
,Ehrlich
:
Ab
in
serum
played
important
roles
in
protective
immunity
Both HI and CMI were very important for protective immunity,
Ab in serum could promote the phagocytosis of phagocytic cells
----
1903, Wright & Dauglas
8. Study on immune
-
pathology & immune
disease
In 1902,Richet and Portier
----
Anaphylaxis
Pirquet and Shick
----
Hypersensitivity
In 1903,Arthus
----
Arthus phenomenon
In 1906,Pirquet
----
Allergy
In 1907,Donath and Landsteiner
----
Autoantibody cause autoimmune disease
III. Modern Immunology period
(the middle of 20th century
-
the 21th
century)
1. Study on immune system
In 1957,Glick Fabricius and Xianguang Zhang
----
Chicken without bursa can not produce Ab
----
B cell
In 1961,Good and Miller
----
cell mediated immune of new born mice whose
thymus were taken away are defective
----
T cell
2. Study on monoclonal antibody
----
In 1975,Kohler and milstein
3. Study on immune genetics
----
In 1978,genetic control of antibody diversity
----
Discovery of accurate mechanism of immune
response on gene level (MHC, TCR , BCR)
4. Study on molecular mechanism of T/B
lymphocyte activation and signal
transduction
5. Study on effective mechanism of immune
cells
MHC
-
I
MHC
-
II
a
2
a3
a1
b
1
b2
b
2
m
a
1
a2
肽结合单位
Ig
样单位
跨膜单位
MHC
分子
——
处理并展示抗原内在信息
的“播放系统”
Jean Dauset 1916
-
,
Nobel Prize 1980
for study on immunogenetics
TCR and BCR
6. Study on clinical immunology
Organ transplantation
Autoimmune disease
Tumor immunology
Infectious diseases
7. Study on applied immunology
Preparation of monoclonal antibody
and genetic engineering antibody
Preparation of recombinant cytokines
Study on DNA vaccine
Study on treatment with immune cells
8. New techniques of modern immunology
and application
Separation of immune cells
Protein analysis technique
Phage display technique
Preparation of new animal model
Reference
1.Roitt. Immunology
2.Abbas AK.Cellular and molecular
immunology
3.Lydyard PM. Instant Notes in Immunology
4.
陈慰峰
.
医学免疫学(人民卫生出版社)
5.
龚非力
.
医学免疫学(科学出版社)
6.
司传平
.
医学免疫学应试指南
7.
尹丙娇
.
医学免疫学应试指南
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