6.2 Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
Altering the sequence of
DNA molecules
Important in developing
drugs
Insulin
Human insulin produced by
bacteria
Somatropin
Genetic Engineering Pioneers
1970s
–
Stanley Cohen (plasmids) and
Herbert Boyer (restriction enzymes)
Experiments for selecting,
recombining and transforming
new genes into bacteria
Techniques are still used in
molecular biology labs
One of the most important discoveries in
biomedical research
1978
–
“
Genentech
”
biotechnology company
produced somatostatin
http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/lesson/bacgen.files/10
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20.gif
Somatropin
A drug that is identical to
human growth hormone
(somatotropin)
Treats growth deficiency from
dwarfism and Turner
’
s syndrome
First human hormone produced
by genetic engineering
safe
and abundant production
Somatropin
production
Excise human growth
hormone gene using
restriction
endonucleases
Signal sequence is
removed
Insert gene after the
lac
promoter in a
plasmid transformed
into
E. coli
cells
E. coli
are grown in
media containing IPTG
(isopropyl
thiogalactoside)
Somatropin production (cont
’
d)
IPTG is an inducer of the
lac
promoter but is
not consumed by
E.coli
Control production of hormone
Presence of IPTG
somatropin production
Absence of IPTG
no
somatropin production
Somatropin is then isolated from bacteria and
sold to patients
lac
Z
lac
Y
lac
A
somatropin
RNA
polymerase
lac
I protein
IPTG
mRNA
Somatropin,
ß
-
galactosidase,
permease, transacetylase are
synthesized
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