Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
1
Introduction to
Community
Asset
Management
(CAM)
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
2
Community Asset Management
Introduction
Community
asset
management
envisages
improved
capacity
for
the
management,
life
-
time
planning,
construction
and
physical
maintenance
of
common
assets
to
be
carried
out
by
the
communities
of
the
urban
poor
themselves
in
partnership,
where
appropriate,
with
local
government,
local
businesses,
NGOs,
state
and
national
government
on
one
hand,
and
with
technical
maintenance
service
providers,
such
as
Building
Centres,
on
the
other
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
3
Conceptual Framework
•
The
three
-
circle
diagram
represents
the
concept
behind
the
preparation
of
this
tool
kit
.
•
Placing
an
asset
at
the
centre,
the
training
programme
looks
at
the
most
important
tasks
each
of
the
three
categories
of
stakeholders
namely
the
community,
the
technical
service
providers
and
the
asset
owners
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
4
Conceptual Framework
ASSET
-
OWNERS
Asset
-
owners
refers
to
all
agencies
which
own
these
public
assets,
State
or
Central
Government
departments
such
as
the
Education
department
(schools),
the
Health
Department
(Primary
Health
Centres)
or
the
State
Housing
Boards/Development
Authorities
and
the
Municipal
Corporations
COMMUNITY
Communities
form
the
second
group
of
stakeholders,
and
refer
to
the
specific
group
of
people
who
are
benefited
by
the
building/use
it/are
affected
by
its
physical
condition
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
5
Conceptual Framework
TECHNICAL
–
SERVICE
PROVIDERS
The
term
technical
service
providers
here
refer
to
agencies/
building
centers
who
are
charged
with
the
task
of
carrying
out
maintenance
activities
and
require
technical
skill
and
expertise
for
the
same
.
Building
Centre
are
best
suited
to
be
these
service
providers
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
6
Community
•
Accept `ownership’ of the
asset
•
Accept housekeeping
responsibilities
•
Contribute to condition
survey and repair
•
Contribution NOT
to be taken for
granted
Asset
-
owners
•
Budgeting and maintenance
schedules
•
Inventory and Condition Surveys
of Buildings and other assets
•
Acceptance that
users can help in
maintenance
Technical
-
Service Providers
•
Develop maintenance skill
and know
-
how
•
Market these skills
ASSET
•
Attitude of engineers
to community to
change
•
Links between each
other to be
strengthened
Partnership,
including private
participation
between each other
for maintenance
•
Partnership with each
other
•
Direct reporting system
to avoid time delays
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
7
CAM Field Research in India
As
part
of
the
community
asset
management
project,
field
-
work
was
conducted
in
three
cities
-
Hyderabad,
Bhubaneswar
and
Ranchi
–
during
March
-
May
2001
.
The
purpose
was
•
To
understand
the
PREPAREDNESS
for
community
asset
management,
•
DEMAND
for
technical
advice
on
community
asset
management
and
•
the
SUPPLY
of
technical
advice
through
the
building
centres
.
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
8
•
In
each
city
the
team
selected
two
authorised
settlement
sites
for
detailed
local
survey
and
interviews
.
•
Four
main
groups
were
consulted
as
part
of
the
field
research
-
the
local
authorities,
the
users
and
current
managers
of
the
community
buildings,
the
individual
households
and
building
centres
in
each
respective
area
.
CAM Field Research in India
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
9
Observation on Demand
•
More
people,
even
in
the
poorer
communities,
contribute
financially
to
their
community
buildings
rather
than
through
physical
effort
or
both
•
Cultural
buildings
tend
to
be
developed
on
a
regular
basis
on
the
initiative
of
the
community
•
Buildings
suffer
neglect
if
there
is
dependency
on
landlords,
engineering
departments
or
NGOs
.
However,
in
most
cases
users
are
aware
of
maintenance
problems,
although
they
may
not
know
the
correct
reason
for
them
or
the
techniques
of
correction
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
10
Observation on Demand
•
The
accommodation
of
one
in
six
households
was
in
need
of
major
repair
.
People
are
likely
to
spend
consistently
on
repair
where
the
users
better
understand
maintenance
tasks
.
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
11
Observation on Preparedness
•
local
authorities
do
not
have
the
most
up
to
date
information
about
community
assets,
their
current
state,
the
resources
available
to
manage
them,
and
even
resources
already
spent
on
their
management
•
Overall
the
delivery
of
national
policies
on
public
participation,
decentralisation
and
community
development
to
local
communities
is
a
success
.
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
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Observation on Preparedness
•
Although
local
administration
is
implementing
community
friendly
policies,
their
own
practice
has
not
fallen
in
line
and
they
are
unable
to
communicate
the
programme
aims
to
their
own
departments
or
to
the
target
groups
.
•
Most
respondents
could
not
elaborate
upon
the
way
community
buildings
were
managed
or
maintained
and
how
their
contributions
were
used
.
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
13
Observation on Supply
•
Overall
the
building
centres
have
good
infrastructure,
but
production
of
building
materials
is
the
main
activity
.
•
Wherever
training
programmes
are
being
conducted,
the
maintenance
aspect
is
not
taught
.
•
Amongst
the
artisans,
there
is
general
lack
of
awareness
about
the
employment
opportunities
after
training
in
maintenance
.
•
Maintenance
related
work
is
not
looked
upon
as
a
profitable
venture
by
those
artisans
that
were
interviewed
.
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
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State of Preparedness & Relative Training
•
Municipal
Corporation
workers
may
benefit
from
awareness
training
in
community
asset
management,
skills
in
out
-
reach
to
community
networks
and
technical
training
to
engineers
on
conducting
maintenance
works
and
technical
training
to
community
liaison
workers
to
identify
community
needs
•
NGOs
may
benefit
from
awareness
training
about
maintenance
and
its
technical
aspects
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
15
State of Demand & Relative Training
•
Empowering
people
in
charge
of
community
buildings
and
providing
them
with
training
in
technical
aspects
identifying
and
supervising
maintenance
works,
resources
management
and
working
with
the
community
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
16
State of Supply & Relative Training
•
For
Building
Centres
Managers
training
they
receive
must
have
technical
aspects
of
maintenance
and
training
in
community
out
-
reach
and
building
a
profile
of
an
efficient
and
quality
centre
for
supply
of
building
products
•
Artisan’s
training
in
technical
aspect
of
maintenance
is
mandatory
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
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UK Study Visit
A
team
from
India
working
on
the
project
went
on
a
12
-
day
visit
to
the
United
Kingdom
which
covered
London,
Bristol,
Dudley
and
Liecester
Lewisham
Community
Refurbishment
Scheme
(CRS)
The
CRS
scheme
offered
training
and
employment
to
local
youth
in
construction
.
This
was
linked
to
a
repairs
programme,
since
most
of
the
Council
housing
(government
-
owned
)
was
in
a
very
bad
shape
and
in
need
of
repair
The
scheme
brought
a
marked
improvement
in
indicators
such
as
drug
abuse
cases
and
teenage
pregnancies
.
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
18
UK Study Visit
On
-
Site
Bristol
•
This
is
an
example
of
a
partnership
between
a
city
council,
and
two
Govt
.
Departments
which
is
working
very
well
.
The
key
is
perhaps
the
tie
up
with
on
-
going
site
work/
projects
for
employment,
and
this
is
also
linked
to
National
Vocational
Qualifications
(NVQ)
qualifications
.
•
Apart
from
socio
-
economic
details,
work
record
(includes
details
of
previous
employment
and
special
comments)
The
computer
in
the
on
-
site
office
is
also
connected
on
-
line
to
the
computer
at
the
job
centre
(equivalent
of
our
employment
office)
and
job
vacancies
are
also
known
through
this
.
This
matching
ensures
connection
between
demand
&
supply
.
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
19
UK Study Visit
Community
Refurbishment
Scheme,
Dudley
•
This
scheme
forms
part
of
the
community
development
plan
for
the
Burough
.
•
The
Role
of
CRS
as
part
of
the
community
development
plan,
is
to
complete
physical
environmental
improvements
to
both
land
and
houses,
linked
to
structured
training
for
unemployed
people
.
•
With
all
training
linked
to
real
work
for
real
people
to
agreed
and
monitored
standards,
we
are
able
to
equip
trainees
with
the
skills
and
work
experience
demanded
by
employers,
which
is
not
possible
through
training
in
simulated
settings
or
classrooms
.
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
20
UK Study Visit
Community
Refurbishment
Scheme,
Dudley
•
Some
of
the
trainees
live
in
conditions,
which
are
not
conductive
for
learning,
which
may
include
homelessness,
a
poor
living
environment,
etc
.
In
recognition
of
this,
the
CRS
developed
the
Live
&
Learn
Centre,
based
on
the
Priory
estate
.
CRS trainees
•
The
centre
offers
sheltered
living
accommodations
for
up
to
14
residents,
who
have
access
to
one
of
our
training
courses
.
Our
aim
is
moving
residents
onto
independent
living
and
employment
or
mainstream
education
.
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
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UK Study Visit
Leicester
Development
Plan,
Leicester
•
Modern
Leicester
is
the
biggest
city
in
the
East
Midlands
and
a
successful
commercial
and
manufacturing
centre
.
•
Leicester
is
also
renowned
for
its
provision
of
culture
activities
through
its
museums,
sports
facilities
and
parks
.
•
Leicester
has
gained
international
recognition
as
Britain’s
first
Environment
City
and
more
recently
earned
the
prestigious
title
of
European
Sustainable
City
.
These
developments
have
brought
economic
growth
and
improvements
in
standards
of
living
.
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
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UK Study Visit
Leicester
Partnership
for
the
Future’?
•
Leicester
Partnership
for
the
Future
(LPF)
was
launched
in
1998
to
bring
together
some
key
players
and
representatives
of
the
Leicester
community
.
•
Two
levels
of
membership,
The
strategic
coordinators
group
The
local
supporters
group
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
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UK Study Visit
Leicester
Partnership
for
the
Future’?
•
The
strategic
coordinators
group
is
chaired
by
the
Leader
of
the
City
Council
and
has
representatives
from
the
Young
People's
Council,
Higher
Education,
Schools,
the
Police,
the
Health
Authority,
the
Chamber
of
Commerce
and
a
range
of
voluntary
organisations
.
•
In
addition
there
is
a
broad
-
based
group
of
local
supporters
who
represent
a
range
of
individual
interests,
groups
and
organisations
.
Together,
they
have
a
vision
.
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
24
UK Study Visit
Partnership
vision
is
for
Leicester
to
be,
“a
premier
city
in
Europe
with
a
thriving
and
diverse
society
in
which
everyone
is
involved
and
in
which
everyone
can
have
a
decent,
a
happy
and
fulfilling
life
.
A
city
with
a
strong
economy,
a
healthy,
caring
and
educated
society,
a
safe
and
attractive
environment,
and
an
improving
quality
of
life
-
a
sustainable
city
.
”
The
LPF
is
responsible
for
making
sure
the
Community
Plan
does
its
job
.
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
25
UK Study Visit
The
LPF
group
worked
with
the
business
sector,
the
public
sector,
voluntary
sector,
voluntary
organisations
and
focus
groups
to
work
out
what
needs
to
be
done
.
The
priority
areas
identified
were
:
•
Diversity
•
Community
Safety
•
Education
•
Health
&
Social
Care
•
Environment
Jobs
&
Regenerations
Each
priority
area
has
a
number
of
‘indicators’
.
These
are
set
out
next
to
the
goals
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
26
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
27
RUP
-
APPEP Project
–
Ten Major
Achievements
1
.
Capacity
building
of
the
community
and
grassroots
engineers
Learning
proper
housekeeping
that
will
keep
defects
away
from
the
buildings
Detection
of
distress
in
the
buildings
Site
level
management
for
the
repair
work
-
Quality
control
of
the
construction
work
-
Maintaining
accounts
How
to
estimate
costs
of
construction
works
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
28
RUP
-
APPEP Project
–
Ten Major
Achievements
2
.
Community
ownership
Involvement
of
the
community
in
the
condition
survey
and
the
planning
and
implementation
of
repairs
has
developed
a
greater
sense
of
ownership
.
Some
of
the
schoolteachers
have
tremendous
creative
abilities,
which
have
turned
out
to
be
an
asset
in
improving
the
school
environment
.
3
.
Cost
reduction
Involvement
of
the
community
in
decision
-
making
has
reduced
the
cost
of
materials
and
labour
charges
.
In
some
schools
active
participation
of
the
schoolteachers
and
students
in
work
such
as
painting
has
also
reduced
the
overall
cost
.
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
29
RUP
-
APPEP Project
–
Ten Major Achievements
4
.
The
perception
of
the
community
on
maintenance
was
changed
Earlier,
the
community
had
little
or
no
interest
in
maintenance,
which
was
left
to
the
engineers
and
the
contractors
.
In
the
present
programme,
repair
work
was
integrated
with
the
teaching
and
learning
process
as
an
exercise
of
observation
and
analysis
.
This
showed
the
users
of
the
schools
a
different
and
better
way
to
improve
the
school
environment
and
generated
interest
in
the
process
.
5
.
The
local
school
became
a
source
of
learning
for
the
entire
community
While
interacting
with
the
community,
the
idea
came
up
of
writing
slogans
for
campaigns
related
to
health
or
the
education
of
girls
on
the
school
walls,
which
is
visually
accessible
to
the
community
.
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
30
RUP
-
APPEP Project
–
Ten Major
Achievements
6
.
Transparency
in
financial
transactions
of
public
funds
•
Periodic
meetings
with
the
community
regarding
financial
expenditure
have
contributed
to
transparency
in
the
process
.
•
In
general,
the
increased
involvement
of
the
schoolmasters
has
contributed
much
to
the
transparency
.
Vigilance
of
the
community
through
awareness
has
been
another
factor
.
7
.
A
further
step
towards
assessing
Low
Cost
Construction
(LCC)
•
Inadequate information on LCC has been the major deterrent
for the dissemination of CECT, since its sustainability could
not be ascertained. The buildings have withstood both the
environment and varied climatic conditions for almost five
years and hence the present exercise has provided a reliable
set of data for calculating the LCC of all the technologies used
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
31
RUP
-
APPEP Project
–
Ten Major
Achievements
8
.
Analysis
of
rates
for
repair
works
introduced
Analysis
of
rates
for
repair
work
has
been
the
weakest
link
in
the
maintenance
chain
.
Rates
related
to
a
standard
meant
for
new
infrastructure
were
applied
to
repair
work,
which
are
impractical
to
maintain
quality
work
.
This
usually
defeats
the
purpose
.
Poor
repair
has
to
be
repeated
time
and
again
.
The
present
project
has
provided
an
accurate
basis
for
analysis
of
rates
for
repair
works
.
9
.
An
understanding
of
pre
-
emptive
maintenance
•
Defects
that
can
be
avoided
at
the
planning
and
design
stage
were
identified
.
Repetition
of
one
technology
in
several
buildings
and
the
recurrence
of
a
particular
type
of
defect
have
made
the
work
of
diagnosis
easier
.
The
result
of
the
research
will
help
in
creating
improved
new
infrastructure
.
Training Toolkit for Engineers
1.1/ P/
32
RUP
-
APPEP Project
–
Ten Major
Achievements
10
.
The
community
as
the
alternative
implementation
agency
for
maintenance
•
At
present
the
maintenance
of
education
infrastructure
is
usually
carried
out
by
the
district
administration
appointing
local
contractors,
whose
main
objective
is
to
maximise
their
profit
.
The
quality
of
such
repair
work
is
bound
to
suffer
specially
when
the
contractor
works
with
impractical
notes
and
brief
.
.
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