Tom Rebold, MSEE
trebold@mpc.edu
Welcome to
ENGR1A
http:tomrebold.com/engr1a
Introduction to Engineering
AGENDA
Class Overview
Purpose and Outcomes
Introductions
History of Engineering
Why Engineering, in a nutshell
The world urgently needs problem solvers
You’ll be paid handsomely
Problem solving is a rush!
You can see the world, and beyond
Dr Mae C Jemison
Timothy
Horiuchi
(above) collaborates with faculty from across disciplines to
develop new engineering systems, including bat
-
inspired navigation devices on
small, unmanned aerial vehicles.
Engineers without Borders
Course Objectives
Understand what engineering is and how it is
practiced.
•
societal context
•
relationships and differences between disciplines
•
relationships to mathematics and the sciences
Develop and apply fundamental engineering skills.
•
problem solving
•
communications
•
computer skills
Support your Academic Goals.
•
Improve study skills
•
Plan coursework to align with academic and transfer goals
Gain practical design experience as part of a
multidisciplinary team.
Class Content
Interactive Lab Activities
•
Design, Problem Solving,
Building
Visiting speakers
Site Tours
Bridge building competition
Assignments (not too many)
4 tests
Final Design Competition
Upon successful completion,
you should
Know whether engineering is the right
choice for you
Have a fairly clear idea which
Engineering field to major in
Comprehend the changes you may
need to make to be successful
Be addicted to problem solving!
Bio
--
Please visit the ENGR1 website:
•
http://tomrebold.com/engr1
•
click on “Tell me about yourself”
•
Enter your info.
My Vital Statistics
Name: Tom
Rebold
Born: Chicago, Illinois
Degree: Master of Science, Electrical Engineering
School: MIT
Places I have worked:
•
MIT Lincoln Laboratory (Research Assistant)
•
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Telecom Engineer)
•
Antarctic Support Associates (Field Engineer)
•
MPC (Chair of Engineering)
Why Engineering?
I love solving problems!
Why MPC?
The sea lions!
The following slides are by my
colleague
Dr. Melissa Hornstein
Chair of Engineering
Hartnell College
A brief history of engineering
Dr. Hornstein
EGN
-
1
Tuesday, February 15, 2012
The beginnings of engineering
•
When engineering first began, there were
no records.
•
Wherever there was an invention or
innovation, engineering was required.
•
Thus engineering really begins with the
first humans.
•
Engineering progress parallels the
progress of mankind.
Why study engineering history?
Why study engineering history?
• To see the progress that we’ve made
• Innovations in history helps you later on
• To not repeat our mistakes
• To see where you’re going you need to
know where you’ve been
• Engineering builds upon itself
• Ideas that they had then, now we have
more technology to create it right this time
Name the earliest engineering
innovation/invention you can think of
• The wheel
• Fire
• A cup
• Bridge
• Clothing
• Hunting tools/weapons
• Shelter/home
• Boat
• Dams
• Roads
10,000 B.C.: Spear thrower
Mechanical
engineering
• The spear thrower effectively lengthens the
arm and gives a greater force to the thrown
spear.
• Why?
10,000 B.C.: Domestication and
early agriculture
Genetic/agricultural
engineering
10,000 B.C.: Domestication and
early agriculture
Genetic/agricultural
engineering
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
vs.
Read more about
this!
Ancient civilizations maps & timeline
Mesopotamia: Sumeria, Babylonia, Assyria,
etc. (5,000 B.C.)
Tigris
river
Euphrates
river
6,000 B.C.: Scratch plow
Mechanical
engineering
• Allowed societies to feed themselves and increase in
population.
• Agricultural surplus created because the scratch plow
brought greater acreage into production than could have
been farmed by humans alone.
• Surplus supported craftspeople, carpenters, potters,
musicians, bakers, and administrators.
6,000 B.C.: Yoke
Mechanical
engineering
• The yoke had to be developed before the
plow could effectively be pulled by oxen.
5,000 B.C.: Loom
• There were not
enough animal skins to
clothe the increased
population so a new
material was created:
cloth.
• Fiber was either
animal hair such as
wool or a vegetable
fiber such as flax
(which is woven into
linen).
Material
3
engineering
000 B.C.: The Bronze Age
• Bronze is made from
copper and tin.
• Bronze has a lower
melting point than
copper, and thus can be
more easily worked, but
is harder than copper.
How was the wheel invented?
Mechanical
engineering
1
3,500 B.C.: Wheeled cart
Roller
Stage one. People placed rollers beneath heavy
objects so that they could be moved easily.
Mechanical
engineering
2
3,500 B.C.: Wheeled cart
Sledge
Stage two. Runners placed under a heavy load,
which they discovered would make it easier for
the load to drag
invention of the sledge.
Mechanical
engineering
3
3,500 B.C.: Wheeled cart
Sledge on roller
Stage three. Combination of the roller and the
sledge. As the sledge moved forward over the
first roller, a second roller was placed under the
front end to carry the load when it moved off
the first roller.
Mechanical
engineering
4
3,500 B.C.: Wheeled cart
Sledge on roller, which has
become grooved with use
Question
: Why
do the grooves
allow you to go
a further
distance?
Stage four. People discovered that the rollers which
carried the sledge became grooved with use. They
soon discovered that these deep grooves actually
allowed the sledge to advance a greater distance
before the next roller was needed to come on!
Mechanical
engineering
5
3,500 B.C.: Wheeled cart
Wheels and axle in one
piece; the axle fixed by pegs
Stage five. The rollers were changed into wheels. In the
process of doing so, wood between the grooves of the
roller were cut away to form an axle and wooden pegs
were fastened to the runners on each side of the axle.
When the wheels turn, the axle turned too in the space
between the pegs. The first wooden cart was thus made.
Mechanical
engineering
6
3,500 B.C.: Wheeled cart
Wheels joined to axle; axle
fixed into crude bearing
Stage six. A slight improvement was made to
the cart. This time, instead of using pegs to join
the wheels to the axle, holes for the axle were
drilled through the frame of the cart. Axle and
wheels were now made separately.
1,850 B.C.: Code of Hammurabi:
Construction
• If a builder build a house for a man
and do not make its construction firm,
and the house which he has built
collapse and cause the death of the
owner of the house, that builder shall
be put to death.
• If it cause the death of a son of the
owner of the house, they shall put to
death a son of that builder.
Engineering ethics
• If it cause death of the slave of the
owner of the house, he shall give to
the owner a slave of equal value.
• If it destroy property, he shall restore
whatever it destroyed, and because
he did not make the house which he
built firm and it collapsed, he shall
rebuild the house which collapsed at
his own expense.
3,000 B.C.: Ziggurat (e.g. Tower of Babel)
Civil
engineering
Ancient Egypt (3150 B.C.)
3,300 B.C.: Irrigation, dykes,
canals, drainage systems
• A great mass of people
populated the narrow fertile
valley of the Nile
• Irrigation works were needed to
maintain the large population
and exploit the skill of agriculture
Desert
Civil/agricultural
engineering
Civil
engineering
2980 B.C.: Pyramids
This is actually six
stacked Mastabas!
200
481 ft.
Mastaba
Zoser’s Step Pyramid
at Saqqara (2610 B.C.)
Great Pyramid of Giza
(2560 B.C.)
Precise and exacting engineering
standards: Set with joints measuring one
ten
-
thousandth of an inch wide!
Building the pyramids
Civil
engineering
Question
: Why
didn’t they use
carts?
• Surveying and excavation
-
Choosing a suitable site,
orienting it and preparing the
foundation
• Obtaining building materials
-
Quarrying rocks or making
huge stones
• Transporting building
materials
-
Transporting from the
quarrying site to the pyramid
• Workforce logistics
-
Finding skilled workers,
feeding them and housing
them
Ancient Greece (600 B.C.)
1,500 B.C.: Minoan ships
• Ancient Greece was made
up of a bunch of islands.
• In order to get around,
they became a sea
-
faring
people.
• They built boats.
• They also needed a place
to park them.
Mechanical
engineering
Materials
engineering
1,200 B.C.: Iron age
• Bronze is an alloy which consists mostly of copper and
also contains tin. (Bronze age began 3300 B.C.).
• A shortage of tin forced people to seek an alternative to
bronze.
• While bronze is harder, iron is more common than
bronze.
• Bronze is easier to get out of its ore than iron (melting
point of 1000
°
C).
• Iron does not melt at the temperatures that can be
reached in a primitive furnace (1600
°
C).
• Once we got good at making bronze, it was easier for us
to extract iron.
400 B.C.: Artificial harbor
Civil/ocean
engineering
• The Greeks built a breakwater, an artificial harbor,
to protect the ships from waves.
• 400 yards long and 120 feet deep!
300 B.C.: First lighthouse in the world
Civil
engineering
• Navigational
aid
• So the ships
don’t get
lost or
wrecked on
the rocks
• Seven
wonders of
the world!
500 B.C.: Tunnel of Eupalinos
(aqueduct)
Constructed from both ends.limestone.
• Engineer Eupalinos from
Megara dug a tunnel
through a mountain to to
supply the ancient capital
of Samos with fresh water.
Civil
engineering
3,300 ft (0.625 miles) long!
• This was of utmost
defensive importance, as
the aqueduct ran
underground it was not
easily found by an enemy
who could otherwise cut
off the water supply.
400 B.C.: Crossbow and catapult
Mechanical
engineering
250 B.C.: Archimedes screw pump
• A machine used to raise
water.
• Can be run continuously.
• Still used today.
-
Used in sewage treatment
plants.
Mechanical
engineering
Ancient Rome (500 B.C.)
300 B.C.: Water wheel
Mechanical
engineering
• A
energy of free
-
flowing or falling water into useful
forms of power.
• Wheels were typically used to grind grain or saw
wood.
Civil
engineering
500 B.C.: Roads
• A deep subbase of stone
followed by a compact base
• This method of construction
allowed for slow wear,
drainage of water, and no
heaving of the road in cold
weather.
• 18,000 miles of roadway
from Turkey to Great Britain
• Military, communication,
and central government
Architecture: Roman arches
Colosseum,
72 A.D.
Civil
engineering
Alcantara bridge built 98 A.D., still
Aqueduct
in use today!
100 B.C.: Roller bearing
• A bearing is a device to allow
constrained relative motion
between two or more parts,
typically rotation or linear
movement.
• Remember that wheeled cart?
A roller bearing can support
the rotating axle to the frame.
Engineering disciplines in history
You might have noticed that
most of the engineering
disciplines mentioned in this
talk have predominantly been
“civil” with a sprinkling of
“mechanical”.
Civil
engineering
The funding of engineering works
came principally from governments,
which were interested in buildings and
bridges and military defensive and
offensive weaponry. This has not
changed significantly in today’s world.
Until the late 1880s,
engineering was
divided into two
branches, military and
civil.
Mechanical
engineering
Electrical engineering
didn’t start until at least the
1800s.
Commonly accepted engineering disciplines. From Honour, E., “Characteristics of
Engineering Disciplines," 13th Int’l Conference on Systems Engineering, 1999.
Engineering disciplines in history
• Many inventions from the Roman Empire were really from
other lands they conquered.
• Despite the many inventions of the Roman Empire, it did not
last and was eventually overrun by what are called the
barbarians. The people were not necessarily barbarians: after
all, which culture was addicted to slavery?
• A puzzling aspect of the Roman era is the unevenness of the
technology. The Romans developed elaborate heating systems
for buildings and developed boilers so people could have hot
water available on tap, but used a primitive bowl of oil with a
wick for lighting. This bowl
-
lamp was used twelve thousand
years before for lighting the caves of nomads.
• It is only with the advent of the industrial age (1800s) that the
use of humans as the primary energy force in construction
projects was diminished.
Why were some
inventions/innovations
not invented by the Romans?
• The bicycle?
1817 German Baron Karl von
Drais invents velocipede
• Drais' interest in finding an alternative to the horse was the starvation and death of
horses caused by crop failure in 1816 following the volcanic eruption of Tambora.
• On his first reported ride from Mannheim on June 12, 1817, he covered eight miles
in less than an hour.
1862 Gatling invents machine gun
Gatling wrote that he created it to reduce the size of armies and so
reduce the number of deaths by combat and disease, and to show how
futile war is.
1863 French metalworker
invents bicycle (with pedals)
Nick
-
named the “boneshaker”
What does it all mean?
Next class
We jump from 1863 to August 2012 and
the landing of Curiosity on Mars!!
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