genetic manipulation.pptx - Bio4uTeacher-s-pets-D - home

Definition: Changing the
hereditary characteristics of
organisms by adjusting the
genetic material


example: Making it possible for bacteria to
produce human insulin







By Ruba Safieddine


Some forms of genetic manipulation are:




-
Selection




-
Recombinant DNA




-
Crossing




-
Cell Fusion




-
Cloning






-
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)




-
Sequencing of DNA bases




-
Gel Electrophoresis




-
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism









Selective breading of an organism that has a
favourable trait with another so that the favourable
trait is passed down to the next generation
(Geilen &
Neggers, 1991).



E.g. A mule is the result of the crossing of a horse
and a donkey


+


=


Substituting a gene from one organism to another by
hybridization


DNA from one organism is cut up and the pieces are annealed to
pieces from new DNA



Combining different desirable traits from to different
organisms to form one new organism


One cell is formed by combining two cells


This will allow a tomato cell and a potato cell to form a new plant


All points from (Geilen & Neggers, 1991)



A process in which identical cells are formed from a single cell by
asexual reproduction

Example: Dolly the sheep

Article:
http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical/timeline/Dolly

Video:
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/tlc/29324
-
understanding
-
cloning
-
a
-
cow
-
video.htm




2 Methods:



-
create a cell from the cell of another






cells are divided into segments



which are inserted in a different




surrogate mother




-
fertilized ovum is split into a number of cells which are

separated






the nucleus is removed and the nucleus of another



organism replaces it


(Geilen & Neggers, 1991)





Cloning the best plants produces healthier plants


Increasing the amount of milk a cow produces by 10%
by using the hormone bovine somatotrophin (BST)


(Di Giuseppe, Vavitsas, Ritter, and Fraser, 2003).

Pro’s:

-
Could also give animals
better protection against
disease

-
Cloning of almost extinct
animals

-
Cloning of bacteria that
prevent pollution


Con’s:

-
Increasing the number of a
species can result in
imbalance in ecosystem

-
Animals that do not
economically benefit society
may disappear


Production of human growth hormone for
dwarfism
(
Microbial Genomics: Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , 2000)
.



Endorphin (Painkiller)


derived from bacteria



(
Microbial Genomics, 2000).



Gene Therapy



-
used to correct a mutated gene that could cause
a genetic disorder





mutated gene may be replaced by a normal
gene or by reverse mutation


(Di Giuseppe, et al., 2003)

Di Giuseppe, Maurice, Vavitsas, Angela, Ritter, Dr. Bob, & Fraser, Douglas (2003).
Biology 12
. Canada: Thomson Nelson.


Gielen, Jeroen and Neggers (1991). Genetic Manipulation. Retrieved March 28, 2009,
from ThinkQuest Web site: http://library.thinkquest.org/17498/I3.htm


Microbial Genomics: Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (2000).
Microbial
Genomics
. Human Genome Program, U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved
April 15, 2009, from
<http://microbialgenomics.energy.gov/primer/science_biotech.shtml>.