Computer Hardware
13
Orasa T.
•
Identify the major types and uses of
microcomputer, midrange, and
mainframe computer systems.
•
Outline the major technologies and
uses of computer peripherals for
input, output, and storage.
13
Learning Objectives
•
Identify the components and
functions of a computer system.
•
Identify the computer system and
peripherals you would acquire or
recommend for a business of your
choice.
13
Learning Objectives (continued)
•
Computer Systems: End User and
Enterprise Computing
13
Section I
•
All computers are systems of input,
processing, output, storage, and
control components.
•
Three basic categories
–
Mainframe
–
Midrange computers
–
Microcomputers
13
Types of Computer Systems
•
Mainframe
–
Enterprise systems
–
Superservers
–
Transaction processors
–
Supercomputers
13
Types of Computer Systems (continued)
•
Midrange
–
Network servers
–
Minicomputers
–
Web servers
–
Multi
-
user systems
13
Types of Computer Systems (continued)
•
Microcomputers
–
Personal computers
–
Network computers
–
Technical workstations
–
PDAs
–
Information appliances
13
Types of Computer Systems (continued)
•
The most important category of
computers
–
Desktop
–
Laptop
•
Workstation computers
•
Network servers
13
Microcomputer Systems
•
Selection criteria
–
Solid performance at a reasonable price
–
Operating system ready
–
Connectivity
13
Microcomputer Systems (continued)
•
Network computers
–
Designed primarily for use with the
Internet and corporate intranets
–
For specialized or limited computing
applications
–
Lower cost of purchase, upgrades,
maintenance, and support
13
Microcomputer Systems (continued)
•
Network computers (continued)
–
Other benefits
•
Ease of software distribution and licensing
•
Computing platform standardization
•
Reduced end user requirements
•
Improved manageability
13
Microcomputer Systems (continued)
•
Information appliances
–
PDAs
–
Set
-
top boxes and video
-
game
consoles
–
Wireless PDAs
–
Cellular and PCS phones
13
Microcomputer Systems (continued)
•
Computer terminals
–
Dumb terminals
–
Intelligent terminals
–
Network terminals
–
Transaction terminals
13
Microcomputer Systems (continued)
•
Multi
-
user systems that can manage
networks of PCs and terminals
•
Less costly to buy, operate, and
maintain than mainframes
•
Popular as network servers
•
Minicomputers
13
Midrange Computer Systems
•
Large, fast, powerful
•
Handle high transaction processing volumes or
complex computational problems
•
Super servers for large client/server networks
and high
-
volume Internet websites
•
Popular for data mining and warehousing
13
Mainframe Computer Systems
•
Supercomputers
–
Extremely powerful systems
specifically designed for scientific,
engineering, and business
applications requiring extremely high
speeds for massive numeric
computations
–
Use parallel processing architectures
–
Process at speeds measured in
gigaflops and teraflops
13
Mainframe Computer Systems (continued)
•
Computers are organized according
to the following system functions:
–
Input
•
Keyboards
•
Touch screens
•
Pens
•
Electronic mice
•
Optical scanners
•
Convert data into electronic form
13
The Computer System Concept
–
Processing
•
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
–
Two subunits
»
Arithmetic
-
Logic Unit (ALU)
»
Control Unit
13
The Computer System Concept (continued)
–
Output
•
Video display units
•
Printers
•
Audio response units
•
Convert electronic information into human
-
intelligible form
13
The Computer System Concept (continued)
–
Storage
•
Store data and software instructions
•
May also include cache memory
•
Primary storage unit (hard drive)
•
Secondary storage
–
Magnetic disks
–
Optical disk drives
13
The Computer System Concept (continued)
–
Control
•
The registers and other circuits of the
control unit interpret software instructions
and transmit directions to the other
components of the computer system
13
The Computer System Concept (continued)
•
Computer processing speeds
–
Milliseconds (thousandths of a second)
–
Microseconds (millionths of a second)
–
Nanoseconds (billionths of a second)
–
Picoseconds (trillionths of a second)
13
The Computer System Concept (continued)
–
Clock speeds
•
Megahertz (MHz)
–
Millions of cycles per second
•
Gigahertz (GHz)
–
Billions of cycles per second
13
The Computer System Concept (continued)
•
Computer Peripherals: Input, Output,
and Storage Technologies
13
Section II
•
Generic name given to all input,
output, and secondary storage
devices
•
Depend on direct connections or
telecommunications links to the CPU
•
All peripherals are online devices
13
Peripherals
•
Natural user interface
–
Enter data and commands directly into
a computer
•
Electronic mice and touch pads
•
Optical scanning, handwriting recognition,
voice recognition
13
Input Technologies
•
Used for entering data and text
•
Work with your operating system’s
graphical user interface (GUI)
–
Electronic mouse
–
Trackball
–
Pointing stick
–
Touch pad
–
Touch screen
13
Pointing Devices
•
Used in many hand
-
held computers
and PDAs
–
Digitizer pen
–
Graphics tablet
13
Pen
-
Based Computing
•
Digitize, analyze, and classify your
speech and its sound patterns
•
Allow operators to perform data
entry without using their hands to
key in data or instructions
•
Speaker
-
independent
•
Voice
-
messaging computers
13
Speech Recognition Systems
•
Read text or graphics and convert
them into digital input
•
Employ photoelectric devices to
scan the characters being read
13
Optical Scanning
•
Optical character recognition (OCR)
–
Reads OCR characters & codes
•
Merchandise tags
•
Product labels
•
Sort mail, score tests
•
Hand
-
held optical scanning wands
–
Reads bar coding
–
Universal Product Code (UPC)
13
Optical Scanning (continued)
•
Magnetic stripe technology
–
Credit cards
•
Smart cards
–
Embedded microprocessor chip
•
Debit, credit, and other cards
•
Digital cameras
–
Still cameras
–
Digital camcorders
13
Other Input Technologies
•
Magnetic ink character recognition
(MICR) technology
–
Used by banks to sort and post checks
and deposit slips
–
14 characters of a standardized design
–
Reader
-
sorters
•
Video
•
Print
•
Storage
13
Other Input Technologies (continued)
•
Video monitors
–
Cathode ray tube (CRT)
–
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
13
Video Output
•
Inkjet
–
Spray ink onto the page one line at a
time
•
Laser
–
Use an electrostatic process similar to
a copier
13
Printed Output
13
Storage Trade
-
Offs
•
Computer storage fundamentals
–
Information is stored through the
presence or absence of electronic or
magnetic signals
•
Binary representation
–
1 = ON
–
0 = OFF
13
Storage Trade
-
Offs (continued)
•
Computer storage fundamentals
(continued)
–
Bit
•
The smallest element of data
•
May have a value of either one or zero
–
Byte
•
Basic grouping of bits
•
Typically, a byte consists of 8 bits and
represents one character of data
13
Storage Trade
-
Offs (continued)
•
Computer storage fundamentals
(continued)
–
Storage capacities
•
Kilobytes (KB)
–
1,000 bytes
•
Megabytes (MB)
–
1 million bytes
13
Storage Trade
-
Offs (continued)
•
Computer storage fundamentals
(continued)
•
Gigabytes (GB)
–
1 billion bytes
•
Terabytes (TB)
–
1 trillion bytes
•
Petabyte (PB)
–
1 quadrillion bytes
13
Storage Trade
-
Offs (continued)
•
Direct and sequential access
–
Terms direct access and random
access describe the same concept
–
An element of data or instructions can
be directly stored and retrieved by
selecting and using any of the locations
on the storage media
•
Each storage position
–
Has a unique address
–
Can be individually accessed in approximately
the same time
13
Storage Trade
-
Offs (continued)
•
Direct and sequential access
(continued)
–
Sequential access
•
Does not have unique storage addresses
•
Serial process
•
Data are recorded one after another in a
predetermined sequence.
•
Locating an individual item requires
searching all of the data until the desired
item is located
13
Storage Trade
-
Offs (continued)
13
Storage Trade
-
Offs (continued)
•
Primary storage of your computer
•
Advantages
–
Small size
–
Great speed
–
Shock and temperature resistant
•
Disadvantage
–
Volatility
13
Semiconductor Memory
•
Two basic types of semiconductor
memory
–
RAM
–
random access memory
•
Volatile memory
•
Read/write memory
•
“working” memory
13
Semiconductor Memory (continued)
–
ROM
–
read only memory
•
Nonvolatile
•
Used for permanent storage
•
Can be read but not erased or overwritten
–
Variations of ROM
•
PROM
–
Programmable read only memory
•
EPROM
–
Erasable programmable read only memory
13
Semiconductor Memory (continued)
•
Most common form of secondary
storage
•
Data is recorded on tracks in the
form of tiny magnetized spots
•
Thousands of bytes recorded on
each track
13
Magnetic Disk Storage
•
Types of Magnetic Disks
–
Floppy disks
–
Zip disks
–
Hard disk drives
13
Magnetic Disk Storage (continued)
•
Redundant arrays of
independent disks (RAID)
–
Provides large capacities with high
access speeds
–
Data are accessed in parallel over
multiple paths from many disks
–
Fault tolerant
–
Storage area networks (SANs)
•
Fiber channel LANs that connect many
RAID units
13
Magnetic Disk Storage (continued)
•
Used as secondary storage
•
Also used in robotic automated drive
assemblies
•
Lower
-
cost storage
•
Archival storage
13
Magnetic Tape Storage
•
CD
-
ROM
•
CD
-
R
•
CD
-
RW
•
DVD
•
DVD
-
ROM
•
DVD
-
RAM
13
Optical Disk Storage
•
Business applications
–
Image processing
–
Provide access to reference materials
in a convenient, compact form
–
videos
13
Optical Disk Storage (continued)
•
Do you agree with the statement:
“The network is the computer”?
•
What trends are occurring in the
development and use of the major
types of computer systems?
13
Discussion Questions
•
Do you think that network computers
(NCs) will replace personal
computers (PCs) in business
applications?
•
Are networks of PCs and servers
making mainframe computers
obsolete?
13
Discussion Questions (continued)
•
What trends are occurring in the
development and use of peripheral
devices? Why are those trends
occurring?
•
When would you recommend the use of
each of the following:
–
Network computers
–
NetPCs
–
Network terminals
–
Information appliances in business applications
13
Discussion Questions (continued)
•
What processor, memory, magnetic
disk storage, and video display
capabilities would you require for a
personal computer that you would
use for business purposes?
•
What other peripheral devices and
capabilities would you want to have
for your business PC?
13
Discussion Questions (continued)
•
The Business Value of PDAs
•
What are the business benefits of
PDAs for business applications?
•
What are the limitations of PDAs for
business use?
13
Real World Case 1
–
City of Richmond
& Tim Beaty Builders
References
•
James A. O'Brien; George M. Marakas.
Management
Information Systems:
Managing Information Technology in the
Business Enterprise 6th Ed., Boston:
McGraw
-
Hill/ Irwin
,2004
13
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