Chapter 5

CHAPTER 5

Data and Knowledge Management

Difficulties in Managing Data


Amount of data increases exponentially.


Data are scattered.


Data are collected by many individuals using
various methods and devices.


Data come from many sources.


Data degrades over time.


Data security, quality and integrity are critical.

Data governance

Data Governance





–

an approach to managing
data and information across an entire
organization.


Federal regulations


Amount of data is overwhelming


The Database Approach: Benefits


Database management system (DBMS)
provides all users with access to all the data.


A DBMS can reduce the following problems:


Data redundancy


Data isolation


Data inconsistency


A DBMS can increase the following:


Data security


Data integrity


Data independence

Database Management Systems

Data Hierarchy

Bit

Byte

Field

Record

File (or table)

Database

Designing the Database



Data model


Entity (a table)


Attribute (a field)


Primary key



Database designers plan the database
design in a process called
entity
-
relationship (ER) modeling
.


Entity
-
Relationship Diagram Model

Data warehouse



Data Warehouses






–

repository of historical data
organized to support decision makers in the
organization.


Organized


Consistent


Historical


Nonvolatile (unchanging/read only)


Multidimensional

Data Warehouses: Advantages


Data can be accessed easily and quickly.


Extensive data analysis is possible.


Data is consolidated into one place.

Data Warehouses: Disadvantages


Very expensive.


Requires constant maintenance.


Could be difficult to set up and maintain.


Could take extensive time to set up.


Functional units may not always want to
share data.

Data mart

Data Marts




–

a small data warehouse, designed
for the end
-
user needs in a strategic business
unit (SBU) or a department.



Smaller and less functional so generally:


less expensive


can be created and perform quicker


local control so data sharing may not be
required


Knowledge management (KM)

Knowledge Management








–

a process that
helps organizations manipulate important
knowledge that is part of the organization’s
memory, usually in an unstructured format.



Knowledge
–

recall what it is...


Information in

action. How we
USE

information.


Aka
intellectual capital
(or
intellectual assets
)

Explicit Knowledge






Tacit Knowledge

Explicit
vs

Tacit Knowledge






–

objective, rational,
technical knowledge that has been
documented.


policies, procedural guides, reports, products,
strategies, goals, core competencies






–

cumulative store of
subjective or experiential learning.


experiences, insights, expertise, know
-
how,
trade secrets, understanding, skill sets, and
learning


Knowledge Management Systems (KMSs)

Knowledge Management Systems










–

refer to the use of information technologies to
systematize, enhance, and expedite
intrafirm

and
interfirm

knowledge management.


Knowledge Management System Cycle