WALTER GROPIUS
HIS LIFE,PHILOSPHY AND WORKS
PRESENTATION BY:
PEARL SIDHU
G.P.C.G. PTA
INTRODUCTION
•
Walter Adolph Georg Gropius
(May 18, 1883
–
July 5,
1969) was a
German
architect
and founder of the
Bauhaus
School,
who, along with
Ludwig
Mies
van
der
Rohe
,
Le Corbusier
and
Oscar Niemeyer
, is widely
regarded as one of the pioneering masters of
modern
architecture
.
•
Gropius was founder of the
Bauhaus
and one of the most
influential architects of the 20th century.
WALTER GROPIUS
Birth
-
Walter
Adolph
Georg
Gropius
18
May
(
1883
)
Berlin
,
German
Empire
Nationality
-
German/American
Awards
-
AIA
Gold
Medal(
1959
)
,
Goethe
Prize(
1961
)
Death
-
5
JULY
1969
,Boston,Mass
.
(U
.
S)
.
•
WALTER GROPIUS
Walter Gropius ( 1919).
EARLY CAREER
•
Walter
Gropius,
like
his
father
and
his
great
-
uncle
Martin
Gropius
before
him,
became
an
architect
.
Gropius
could
not
draw,
and
was
dependent
on
collaborators
and
partner
-
interpreters
throughout
his
career
.
•
In
school
he
hired
an
assistant
to
complete
his
homework
for
him
.
•
In
1908
Gropius
found
employment
with
the
firm
of
Peter
Behrens
,
one
of
the
first
members
of
the
utilitarian
school
.
•
His
fellow
employees
at
this
time
included
Ludwig
Mies
Vander
Rohe
,
Le
Corbusier
,
Dietrich
Marcks
.
WALTER GROPIUS
•
Fagus
Factory
-
(1910
-
1911)
•
Werkbund
Exhibition
-
(1914)
•
Bauhaus
-
(1919
-
1933)
•
Gropius House
-
(1937)
•
University of Baghdad
•
Harvard Graduate Center
-
(1950)
•
J .F. Kennedy Federal Building
-
(1966)
•
Pan Am Building
-
(1963)
WALTER GROPIUS
HIS PROJECTS
FAGUS SHOE FACTORY
-
1911
WALTER GROPIUS
WALTER GROPIUS
FAGUS SHOE FACTORY
•
"Gropius's
first
large
building
in
Alfred
on
the
Leine
in
1911
...
was
materialized
due
to
his
connection
,
with
Peter
Behrens
•
The
starting
point
for
the
young
architect
was
the
already
existing
site
plan,
the
ground
plan,
and
construction
plans
of
the
architect
Eduard
Werner,
as
well
as
the
foundation,
which
had
already
been
laid
.
•
A
loan
from
the
American
United
Shoe
Machinery
Corporation
made
the
construction
possible
in
1911
,
and
continued
until
1912
step
by
step
under
the
new
concept
of
Walter
Gropius
.
•
The
whole
operational
procedure
was
newly
thought
through,
according
to
the
inner
functions,
and
then
articulated
in
a
three
-
dimensional
form
.
FAGUS SHOE FACTORY
•
The
Fagus
Factory
a
shoe
last
factory
in
Alfeld
on
the
Leine
in
Germany
,
is
an
important
example
of
early
modern
architecture
.
•
Commissioned
by
owner
Carl
Benscheidt
who
wanted
a
radical
structure
to
express
the
company's
break
from
the
past,
the
factory
was
designed
by
Walter
Gropius
and
Adolf
Meyer
.
•
It
was
constructed
between
1911
and
1913
,
with
additions
and
interiors
completed
in
1925
.
WALTER GROPIUS
FAGUS SHOE FACTORY
•
For
the
first
time
a
complete
brick
facade
is
conceived
in
glass
•
The
supporting
piers
are
reduced
to
narrow
mullions
of
brick
•
The
corners
are
left
without
any
support
•
The
expression
of
the
flat
roof
has
also
changed
•
The
large
expanses
of
clear
glass,
the
usual
hard
separation
of
exterior
and
interior
is
annihilated
.
WALTER GROPIUS
FAGUS SHOE FACTORY
WALTER GROPIUS
FAGUS SHOE FACTORY
WALTER GROPIUS
•
The client's wish for an
attractive fa
•
cade
was
solved by Gropius in a
special way: by means of
a projected steel skeleton,
which pulled the function
of support to the inside,
thereby making possible a
broad dissolution of the
exterior envelope into
glass walls; the idea of the
'curtain wall' was at this
point first expressed in a
consistent manner
THE BAUHAUS
-
1919
WALTER GROPIUS
THE BAUHAUS
•
The
Staatliches
Bauhaus
commonly
known
simply
as
Bauhaus
,
was
a
school
in
Germany
that
combined
crafts
and
the
fine
arts,
and
was
famous
for
the
approach
to
design
that
it
publicized
and
taught
.
•
It
operated
from
1919
to
1933
.
•
At
that
time
the
German
term
Bauhaus
literally
"house
of
construction",
stood
for
"School
of
Building”
•
Walter
Adolph
Georg
Gropius
is
the
founder
of
the
Bauhaus
School,along
with
Ludwig
Mies
van
der
Rohe
,
Le
Corbusier
and
Oscar
Niemeyer
,
is
widely
regarded
as
one
of
the
pioneering
masters
of
modern
architecture
WALTER GROPIUS
THE BAUHAUS
•
In
spite
of
its
name,
and
the
fact
that
its
founder
was
an
architect
;
the
Bauhaus
did
not
have
an
architecture
department
during
the
first
years
of
its
existence
•
Nonetheless
it
was
founded
with
the
idea
of
creating
a
"total"
work
of
art
in
which
all
arts,
including
architecture,
would
eventually
be
brought
together
.
•
The
Bauhaus
style
became
one
of
the
most
influential
currents
in
Modernist
architecture
and
modern
design
.
WALTER GROPIUS
The Bauhaus Dessau
THE BAUHAUS
•
The
Bauhaus
had
a
profound
influence
upon
subsequent
developments
in
art,
architecture,
graphic
design,
interior
design,
industrial
design
,
and
typography
(letter
press
printing)
•
The
school
existed
in
three
German
cities
(
Weimar
from
1919
to
1925
,
Dessau
from
1925
to
1932
and
Berlin
from
1932
to
1933
),
under
three
different
architect
-
directors
:
Walter
Gropius
from
1919
to
1928
,
Hannes
Meyer
from
1928
to
1930
and
Ludwig
Mies
van
der
Rohe
from
1930
until
1933
,
when
the
school
was
closed
by
its
own
leadership
under
pressure
from
the
Nazi
regime
.
•
The
changes
of
venue
and
leadership
resulted
in
a
constant
shifting
of
focus,
technique,
instructors,
and
politics
WALTER GROPIUS
THE BAUHAUS
•
ARCHITECTURAL
OUTPUT
:
•
The
Bauhaus
style,
also
known
as
the
International
Style
,
was
marked
by
the
absence
of
ornamentation
and
by
harmony
between
the
function
of
an
object
or
a
building
and
its
design
.
•
Students
architectural
work
amounted
to
un
-
built
projects,
interior
finishes,
and
craft
work
like
cabinets,
chairs
and
pottery
•
The
architectural
focus
shifted
away
from
aesthetics
and
towards
functionality
•
One
of
the
main
objectives
of
the
Bauhaus
was
to
unify
art,
craft,
and
technology
.
the
modern
day
"Basic
Design"
course
that
has
become
one
of
the
key
foundational
courses
offered
in
architectural
and
design
schools
across
the
globe
.
WALTER GROPIUS
THE BAUHAUS
–
The Bauhaus had a major impact on art and architecture
trends in Western Europe, the United States, Canada and
Israel
–
One
of
the
most
important
contributions
of
the
Bauhaus
is
in
the
field
of
modern
furniture
design
WALTER GROPIUS
GROPIUS HOUSE
-
1938
WALTER GROPIUS
GROPIUS HOUSE
•
The
Gropius
House
was
the
family
residence
of
noted
architect
Walter
Gropius
at
68
Baker
Bridge
Road,
Lincoln,
Massachusetts
.
•
He
designed
it
in
1937
,
when
he
came
to
teach
at
Harvard
University
's
Graduate
School
of
Design,
and
it
was
built
in
1938
•
The
house
caused
a
sensation
when
built
.
In
keeping
with
Bauhaus
philosophy,
every
aspect
of
the
house
and
its
surrounding
landscape
was
planned
for
maximum
efficiency
and
simplicity
.
•
Gropius
carefully
sited
the
house
to
complement
its
New
England
habitat
on
a
rise
within
an
orchard
of
90
apple
trees
.
WALTER GROPIUS
GROPIUS HOUSE
•
Two bathrooms
•
Lounge
•
Study
•
Wardrobe
•
Kitchen
•
Room service
•
Spiral staircase
•
Porch
•
Floor
WALTER GROPIUS
GROPIUS HOUSE
•
The
materials
used
were
wooden
tablets
on
the
walls,
brick,
steel
to
the
forges
as
stairs,
pergolas,
balustrades,
columns
and
ornamental
porches
lined
with
sheet
metal
building,
the
foundation
stone
and
flooring,
as
well
as
laminated
glass
for
the
woodwork
and
glass
block
to
shed
light
on
some
points
WALTER GROPIUS
Lobby
Three
bedrooms
Terrace
Study
Two bathrooms
GROPIUS HOUSE
WALTER GROPIUS
•
Set
amid
fields,
forests,
and
farmhouses,
the
Gropius
House
mixes
up
the
traditional
materials
of
New
England
architecture
(wood,
brick,
and
fieldstone)
with
industrial
materials
such
as
glass
block,
acoustic
plaster
,
and
chrome
banisters
.
GROPIUS HOUSE
•
The house structure
consists of a
traditional New
England post and
beam wooden frame,
sheathed with white
painted tongue and
grove vertical siding.
Traditional
clapboards are used
in the interior foyer,
but are applied
vertically.
WALTER GROPIUS
Gropius House, view from rear side
GROPIUS HOUSE
•
On
this
floor
access
is
diagonal,
under
a
porch
that
welcomes
visitors,
here
Gropius
used
hollow
glass
block
to
give
privacy
to
the
lobby
•
The
bathrooms
in
both
the
plans
and
in
the
top
group
in
the
north
corner
where
there
is
no
just
views
•
The
spaces
such
as
dining
and
living
area,
are
next
to
the
center
of
the
house
which
is
located
a
stone
fireplace
.
WALTER GROPIUS
GROPIUS HOUSE
•
On the back porch is located one
space covering the porch with stone
flooring
.
•
It was declared a
National Historic
Landmark
in 2000
WALTER GROPIUS
GROPIUS HOUSE
•
The
plan
above
is
accessed
from
the
main
staircase
to
the
lobby
which
leads
to
the
bedrooms,
study
and
terrace
.
•
In
the
back
of
the
house,
a
pergola
performs
the
function
of
double
height
covered
terrace
which
allows
the
lighting
in
the
dining
room
.
WALTER GROPIUS
GROPIUS HOUSE
WALTER GROPIUS
All family possessions are still
in place, including a
remarkable collection of
furniture designed by
Marcel
Breuer
and made in the
Bauhaus workshops.
PAN AM BUILDING
-
1963
WALTER GROPIUS
PAN AM BUILDING
•
The
PAN
AM
Building
is
a
skyscraper
located
at
200
Park
Avenue
at
East
45
th
Street
above
Grand
Central
Terminal
in
Midtown
Manhattan
,
New
York
City
.
•
Built
in
1958
–
63
as
the
Pan
Am
Building
,
then
headquarters
of
Pan
American
World
Airways
,
it
was
designed
by
Emery
Roth
&
Sons
,
Pietro
Belluschi
and
Walter
Gropius
in
the
International
style
,
and
is
one
of
the
fifty
tallest
buildings
in
the
United
States
.
•
When
it
opened
on
March
7
,
1963
the
Pan
Am
Building
was
the
largest
commercial
office
space
in
the
world
.
•
It
bore
15
'
tall
"Pan
Am"
displays
on
its
north
and
south
faces
and
25
'
tall
globe
logos
east
and
west
.
•
The
Pan
Am
Building
is
an
e
.
g
.
of
an
International
Style
skyscraper
.
WALTER GROPIUS
PAN AM BUILDING
•
.
WALTER GROPIUS
PAN AM BUILDING
•
It is purely commercial in design with large floors, simple
massing, with an absence of ornamentation inside and out
•
The building previously had
helicopter
service to Pan Am's
terminal at
John F. Kennedy International Airport
, a 7
-
to
-
10
-
minute flight from the rooftop
helipad
. .
WALTER GROPIUS
PAN AM BUILDING
•
The design is inspired by never built Grand Central Terminal
project from Le Corbusier and by the slender
Pirelli Tower in
Milan
•
It consisted of a tower of 49 stories resting on a 10 story base.
•
The exterior is covered with concrete panels to strengthen the
building visually.
•
The 246 meter / 808ft tall building was completed in 1963 and
incorporates an immense 390,700 m2 office space.
•
Originally the project was called Grand Central City, but was
renamed in 1960 after its main tenant, the Pan American
Airways.
•
In 1981 the building was sold to Metlife insurance company
for $400 million and is since called Metlife Building.
WALTER GROPIUS
HARVARD GRADUATE CENTER
-
CAMBRIDGE
-
1950
WALTER GROPIUS
HARVARD GRADUATE CENTER
WALTER GROPIUS
•
Harvard's new
Graduate Center has
eight buildings
arranged to enclose a
series of large and
small quadrangles.
•
No building is more
than four stories high;
construction is of
concrete with exterior
walls of buff
-
colored
brick or limestone
•
The
group
of
eight
buildings
arranged
round
small
and
large
courtyards
on
the
Oxbridge
pattern
has
a
good
community
feel
about
it
and
is
humanly
scaled
.
•
The
various
buildings
house
dormitories,
common
-
rooms,
refectory
and
a
lounge
convertible
into
a
meeting
hall
for
250
people
WALTER GROPIUS
HARVARD GRADUATE CENTER
HARVARD GRADUATE CENTER
•
The dormitory blocks are
constructed in reinforced concrete
and the community buildings in
steelwork.
•
The planning of the dormitories is
of the conventional central
-
corridor
type with single and double rooms
off either side."
WALTER GROPIUS
J.F. KENNEDY FEDERAL
BUILDING
-
1966
WALTER GROPIUS
J.F. KENNEDY FEDERAL BUILDING
•
The
John
F
.
Kennedy
Federal
Building
in
Boston,
Massachusetts,
is
one
of
the
federal
government's
most
noteworthy
Modern
designs
•
Master
architect
Walter
Gropius
and
his
firm
The
Architects
Collaborative
(TAC)
designed
the
complex
with
the
assistance
of
Boston
architect
Samuel
Glaser
•
Technically
one
building,
it
consists
of
twin
26
-
story
high
-
rise
towers,
which
sit
on
axis
to
each
other,
and
a
low,
4
-
story
building
.
•
This
combination
of
tall
towers
paired
with
low
buildings
is
a
common
Modern
form
that
is
used
extensively
throughout
the
United
States
and
abroad
.
WALTER GROPIUS
J.F. KENNEDY FEDERAL BUILDING
•
The building occupies only 45
percent of the 4.6
-
acre site.
The remaining portion
contains terraces, plazas,
extensive landscaping, a
sunken patio, and driveways
WALTER GROPIUS
J.F. KENNEDY FEDERAL BUILDING
•
The
double
towers
increase
the
number
of
offices
lit
by
natural
light
and
decrease
the
visual
bulk
that
a
single
monolithic
building
would
create
.
The
building
contains
839
,
000
square
feet
•
The
exterior
of
the
towers
is
constructed
of
pre
-
cast
reinforced
concrete
.
•
The
lower
sections
are
faced
with
polished
granite
.
•
All
aluminum
work
has
a
dark
anodized
finish
in
a
medium
gray
tone,
which
the
architects
designed
to
contrast
with
the
white
concrete
facade
.
•
Overall,
the
exterior
lacks
ornamentation,
instead
displaying
a
stark
functionality
.
•
..
WALTER GROPIUS
J.F. KENNEDY FEDERAL BUILDING
•
Bands of windows wrap
around the towers; corner
windows have rounded
edges..
•
The tops of the towers are
distinguished by metal
louvers
An exposed glass
atrium connects the two
towers at the ground level.
•
A glass
-
enclosed walkway
connects the four
-
story
building to the towers.
WALTER GROPIUS
DESIGN PHILOSPHY AND
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
•
One
of
the
most
influential
architects
of
the
twentieth
century,
German
-
born
Gropius
founded
the
world
-
renowned
Bauhaus
school
in
Weimar,
Germany,
in
1919
•
He
is
credited
with
bringing
the
International
Style
of
architecture
to
the
United
States
and
for
promulgating
Modernist
design
principles
•
Gropius's
Modern
designs
make
no
reference
to
regional
or
local
architectural
influences
.
•
Uniting
new
social
demands
with
advanced
technological
possibilities,
he
radically
simplified
building
design
.
Building
forms
were
basic
and
usually
built
of
glass,
steel,
and
concrete
with
minimal
ornamentation
.
WALTER GROPIUS
DESIGN PHILOSPHY AND
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
•
Gropius advocated pushing
architecture forward as the
society needs it. He concluded
by saying that “There is no
finality in architecture
–
only
continuous change.”
WALTER GROPIUS
THANKS
WALTER GROPIUS
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