Oxford
-
Princeton collaborative workshop
Motivation: concerns in water purification
Water purification: goals of next generation
systems
Outlook: challenges of photocatalytic
microfluidic reactors
o
Solar photocatalytic water purification
o
Applications of micro/nanotechnology
(microfluidics) in water purification
80%
of urban rivers in China are
contaminated to varying degrees
1.2 billon
people globally
lack access to clean water
Millions
of people die
annually due to water
related diseases
Qu
, et al.
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
, 2010
, 40,
519
–
560. Shannon, et al.
Nature
, 2008,
452
, 301
-
310.
Drinking water production
:
Disinfection:
extensive chemicals treatments, e.g., chlorine, and high
power UV expose.
Waste water treatment
(industrial and
municipal):
Decontamination (metal ions): extensive
chemicals treatments , e.g., chelating chemicals, and
absorbents, or membrane technology
Seawater desalination:
reverse osmosis
membrane
Next
-
generation
systems:
low
-
environmental
-
impact, low
-
energy
-
intensive, and high
efficiency
o
Micro/nanotechnology in water purification
: carbon
nanotubes
membranes,
nanofiber
membranes, nanoporous
ceramics, clays, and micro/
nanofluidics
.
Peters, et al.
Chem. Eng. Technol. 2010,
33
, 1233
–
1240
. Shannon, et al.
Nature
, 2008,
452
, 301
-
310.
Hochstrat
, et. al.
Desalination and water treatment
, 2010,
18
, 96
-
102.
Valli
, et al.
Int. J. Nuclear
Desalination,
2010 ,
4,
49
-
57. Blanco
-
Galvez, et al.
J Solar Energy Engineering.
2007,
129,
4
-
15.
o
Solar photocatalytic detoxification and
disinfection
:
solar reactors,
photocatalyts
, hybrid
photocatalytic
-
biological process, and photocatalytic
membrane process.
1. Photo
-
induced charge separation
3. Oxidation of organics
2. Generation of hydroxyl radicals
Belhacova
, et al.
J Chem Technol Biotechnol , 1999,
74
, 149
-
–154.
Blanco
-
Galvez, et al.
J Solar Energy Engineering.
2007,
129,
4
-
15.
Lin, et al.
J. Applied Electrochemistry
, 2005,
35
, 699
–
708. Lindstrom, et al.
AIChE
J.
2007,
53
,
3 695
-
702. Molinari, et al.
J Membrane Science, 2002,
206
, 399
–
415.
TiO2 on optical
fibers
TiO2 on
membranes
TiO2 in microfluidic
channels
Photocatalyst
:
slow kinetics,
low
photoefficiency
, and narrow
coverage of solar spectrum
Reaction
Efficiency
Commercial
viability
Overall
Efficiency
Characterization standards
:
detoxification efficiency is
strongly dependent on the
structure and reactivity of
pollutants, catalysts, and the
reaction environment.
Hybrid process
:
integrative
photocatalytic process with
biological and membrane process
Blanco
-
Galvez, et al.
J Solar Energy Engineering.
2007,
129,
4
-
15.
Friedmann
et al.
Applied Catalysis B:
Environmental
2010,
99,
398
–
406.
M
icrofluidics
act as sensors
for detection of toxic
compounds in water.
Cleary, et al.
IEEE sensors Journal.
2008,
5
, 508
-
515. Curtis, et al.
Lab on a chip
. 2009,
9
, 2176
–
2183
Micro/
nanofluidics
for water d
esalination
.
Kim, et al.
Nature Nanotechnology
. 2010,
5
, 297
-
301.
Microfluidics for detecting and capturing
microorganism in water.
Balasubramanian
, et al.
Lab on
a chip
2007,
7,
1315
–
1321. Liu, et al.
Water Science & Technology:
Water Supply,
2007,
7,
165
-
172. Chieko, et al.
J Microbiological
Methods
2007,
68,
643
-
647.
Microfluidic
m
odel
system to integrate
hydrodynamics with photochemical reactions
o
Quantitative understanding photocatalytic reactions under flow
conditions, e.g. flow in porous media
o
Establish protocols for standardize parameters for photocatalytic
water purification
Microfluidic approaches for synthesis of
effective photocatalytic nanoparticles
o
Nanoparticles with high
photoefficiency
and broad solar
spectrum coverage
Integrative photocatalytic microfluidic devices
with membrane or biological process
Clean water production
Effective device fabrication
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