The
i
n
f
l
u
e
nce
of
uns
t
ab
l
e hous
i
ng on
ch
il
d
r
e
n
’
s
w
e
ll
be
i
ng a
n
d d
e
ve
l
op
m
ent
Ev
i
denc
e
fr
o
m
a
na
t
i
ona
l
l
ong
it
ud
i
na
l
s
t
u
dy
M
a
tt
he
w
Tay
l
o
r
an
d
Be
n
Edwa
r
ds
Au
st
r
a
li
a
n
I
n
sti
t
u
te
o
f
F
a
m
ily
S
t
ud
i
es
T
h
e
i
n
f
l
uen
c
e
o
f
un
s
t
a
b
l
e
hou
si
n
g
o
n
c
h
il
dren
’
s
we
ll
be
i
n
g
an
d
d
e
v
e
l
opment
A
u
s
t
ra
li
a
n
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
te
o
f
F
am
il
y St
ud
i
es
2
Ex
e
c
ut
i
v
e
s
um
m
a
r
y
Ve
r
y little is
und
e
rs
t
ood
a
b
out
the in
f
lu
e
n
c
e of
ho
u
s
i
n
g on
c
hild
r
e
n’s
d
e
v
e
lopm
e
n
t
in
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
.
F
or
e
x
a
mpl
e
,
a
r
ece
nt
r
e
vi
e
w
of
the
lit
e
r
a
tu
r
e
o
n
th
i
s
i
ss
ue
s
ugg
e
s
t
s
t
h
a
t:
“th
e
r
e
i
s
noti
cea
bly
a
l
ac
k
of
e
mpi
r
i
ca
l
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
c
ondu
c
t
e
d
in
A
u
s
t
r
a
lia
o
n
the
links
b
e
t
wee
n
ho
u
s
i
ng
a
nd
c
hild
d
e
v
e
lopm
e
nt”
(
Do
c
k
e
r
y
e
t
a
l.,
2010,
p.
2).
I
n
th
i
s
r
e
p
o
r
t,
w
e
b
e
gin
to
f
ill
t
he
g
a
p
in
t
he
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
e
vid
e
n
c
e
by
p
r
oviding the
f
i
rs
t
n
a
tion
a
l
d
a
ta
o
n
the
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ce
s
of
u
n
s
t
a
ble
ho
u
s
ing on
c
hild
r
e
n
’
s
d
e
v
e
lopm
e
nt,
u
s
ing
d
a
ta
f
r
om
G
r
o
wi
n
g
Up
in
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
:
T
he
L
ongi
t
udin
a
l
St
u
dy
o
f
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
C
hild
r
e
n
(
L
S
AC
). Sp
ec
i
f
i
ca
ll
y
,
w
e
exa
mine the
a
ss
o
c
i
a
tion
b
e
t
wee
n
r
e
s
id
e
nti
a
l
m
obil
i
t
y
, un
s
t
a
b
l
e
hou
s
ing
t
e
n
u
r
e
a
nd
hou
s
i
ng
s
t
r
es
s
on
c
hild
r
e
n
’
s
c
ognit
i
ve
d
e
v
e
lopm
e
nt
a
nd
l
ea
r
ning,
a
nd
s
o
c
i
a
l
-
e
motion
a
l
f
un
c
tioning.
P
a
r
e
nt
a
l
r
e
l
a
tion
s
h
i
p
b
r
e
a
kdo
w
n
o
f
t
e
n
l
ea
ds
t
o
un
s
t
a
ble
hou
s
ing,
a
n
d
both
of th
e
s
e
a
r
e
a
l
s
o
k
e
y
r
i
s
k
f
ac
to
r
s
f
or
h
o
m
e
l
es
s
n
es
s
,
s
o
w
e
f
o
c
u
s
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
ly
on
the
e
xp
e
r
i
e
n
ce
s
of
c
hi
l
d
r
e
n livi
n
g in
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
a
nd
c
o
uple
f
a
mili
e
s
.
K
e
y
f
indings
f
r
om t
h
is
s
tudy
a
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d n
ex
t.
Hous
i
n
g
t
enu
r
e
,
m
ob
ilit
y
an
d
cost
F
or
L
S
A
C
f
a
mili
e
s
,
on
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
,
th
e
r
e
we
r
e
minim
a
l
c
h
a
ng
e
s
in
hou
s
ing
t
e
n
u
r
e
b
e
t
wee
n
2004
a
nd
2008:
the
p
e
r
ce
nt
a
ge
of
f
a
mili
e
s
w
ho
o
w
n
e
d
th
e
ir
h
o
me
o
u
t
r
ight
wa
s
r
e
l
a
tiv
e
ly
s
t
a
ble
(
in
c
r
ea
s
e
d
fr
om
1
0
%
to
13
%
)
a
s
wa
s
the
p
e
r
ce
nt
a
ge
w
ho
took
out
a
mo
r
tg
a
ge
(in
c
r
ea
s
e
d
fr
om
61%
to
62
%
);
p
r
iv
a
te
r
e
nt
a
l
s
we
r
e
a
l
s
o
s
t
a
b
le
(d
ec
r
ea
s
e
d
f
r
om 1
7
%
to
1
6
%
);
tho
s
e
in
public
h
o
u
s
ing
i
n
c
r
ea
s
e
d m
a
r
gin
a
lly
f
r
om
2
%
to
3
%
;
a
nd
f
a
mili
e
s
living
i
n oth
e
r
living
s
itu
a
ti
o
ns
d
ec
r
e
a
s
e
d
f
r
om
1
0%
to
6
%
.
T
he
m
a
jo
r
i
ty
of
c
hil
d
r
e
n
did not
move
h
o
u
s
e
b
e
t
wee
n
2
004
a
nd
2008
(54
%
),
a
nd
m
o
s
t
c
hil
d
r
e
n
w
ho
e
xp
e
r
i
e
n
ce
d
a
h
o
u
s
e move
did
s
o
only
o
n
c
e
(27
%
);
ho
we
v
e
r
,
a
s
igni
f
i
c
a
nt
min
o
r
i
t
y
e
xp
e
r
i
e
n
ce
d t
w
o or
mo
r
e
m
ov
e
s
(1
8
%
).
On
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
,
hou
s
ing
c
o
s
t
s
of
f
a
mili
e
s
in
c
r
ea
s
e
d
by
32
%
,
fr
om
$239
in
2004
to
$316
in
2008
ac
r
o
s
s
m
o
s
t t
e
n
u
r
e
t
y
p
e
s
.
F
o
r
exa
mpl
e
, ho
u
s
ing
c
o
s
ts
of
f
a
mili
e
s
w
ho
w
e
r
e
:
mo
r
tg
a
g
ee
s
in
c
r
ea
s
e
d by
a
li
t
tle
ov
e
r
$100 p
e
r
wee
k (3
3
%
);
p
r
iv
a
te
r
e
nt
e
r
s
in
c
r
ea
s
e
d by
$74 p
e
r
wee
k (32
%
);
a
n
d
r
e
nting
fr
o
m
a
St
a
t
e
/
T
e
rr
i
t
o
r
y
ho
u
s
ing
a
u
t
ho
r
ity
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
ti
a
ll
y
,
up
8
2
%
o
r
$88
in
4
yea
rs
.
B
ut
th
e
r
e
we
r
e
n
e
gligible
in
c
r
ea
s
e
s
in
hou
s
ing
c
o
s
ts
f
or
f
a
mili
e
s
living
in
the
Oth
e
r
l
a
ndlo
r
d/
o
th
e
r
t
e
n
u
r
e
t
y
p
e
s
(up $8
f
r
om 2004
to 2008).
Hous
i
n
g
i
n
sepa
r
a
t
e
d
co
m
pa
r
e
d
t
o
coup
l
e
f
a
m
ili
es
T
h
e
r
e
we
r
e
s
t
a
r
k
di
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
in
the
t
y
pe
of
hou
s
i
ng
t
e
nu
r
e
of
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
f
a
mili
e
s
c
omp
a
r
e
d
t
o
c
ouple
f
a
mili
e
s
. S
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
f
a
mili
e
s
,
c
omp
a
r
e
d to
c
o
u
ple
f
a
mili
e
s
,
we
r
e
:
f
a
r
l
es
s
lik
e
ly
to o
w
n
th
e
ir
h
ome
out
r
i
g
ht
o
r
be
p
ay
ing
o
f
f
a
m
o
r
tg
a
g
e
;
mo
r
e
lik
e
ly
to be
i
n
p
r
iv
a
te
r
e
nt
a
l
s
;
mo
r
e
lik
e
ly
to be
r
e
s
id
i
ng in
public
ho
u
s
ing (
o
ne
in t
e
n
c
omp
a
r
e
d
t
o one
in a
h
u
nd
r
e
d);
a
nd
mo
r
e
lik
e
ly
to
be
living
in
the
“Oth
e
r
”
t
e
nu
r
e
t
y
pe
(
r
e
n
ting
in
ca
r
a
v
a
n
p
a
r
ks
a
nd
living
w
ith
oth
e
r
f
a
mily
m
e
mb
e
r
s
)
(one
in t
e
n
c
omp
a
r
e
d
to
o
ne
in
t
we
nt
y
).
Hou
s
ing
mobility
wa
s
a
l
s
o
mu
c
h
high
e
r
in
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
f
a
mili
e
s
.
Sin
c
e
2004,
t
w
o
in
th
r
e
e
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
f
a
mili
e
s
h
a
d
mov
e
d
a
t
l
ea
s
t
on
ce
,
c
omp
a
r
e
d
to
c
ouple
f
a
mili
e
s
,
t
w
o
o
u
t
of
t
h
r
e
e
o
f
w
hom
h
a
d
T
h
e
i
n
f
l
uen
c
e
o
f
un
s
t
a
b
l
e
hou
si
n
g
o
n
c
h
il
dren
’
s
we
ll
be
i
n
g
an
d
d
e
v
e
l
opment
A
u
s
t
ra
li
a
n
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
te
o
f
F
am
il
y St
ud
i
es
3
not
mov
e
d
a
t
a
ll. Ov
e
r
on
e
-
t
e
nth
o
f
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
f
a
mili
e
s
h
ad
mov
e
d
a
t
l
ea
s
t
t
h
r
e
e
tim
e
s
in
the
l
a
s
t
f
our
yea
r
s
,
w
hile
ju
s
t ov
e
r
t
h
r
e
e
in a
hund
r
e
d
of
c
o
u
ple
f
a
mili
e
s
h
a
d mov
e
d
a
t
th
i
s
r
a
t
e
.
I
n
t
e
r
ms
o
f
ho
u
s
ing
s
t
r
e
ss
,
3
3%
of
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
f
a
mili
e
s
w
e
r
e
in
ho
u
s
ing
s
t
r
es
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
a
s
only
9%
o
f
c
ouple
f
a
mili
e
s
we
r
e
i
n th
i
s
ca
t
e
go
r
y
.
T
he
s
a
m
ple
of
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
f
a
mili
e
s
in
L
S
A
C
wa
s
s
m
a
ll
e
r
th
a
n
c
ouple
f
a
mili
e
s
.
C
on
s
e
qu
e
ntl
y
,
e
s
tim
a
t
e
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
s
m
a
ll
e
r
sa
mpl
e
s
s
hould be
t
r
ea
t
e
d
w
i
t
h mo
r
e
ca
uti
o
n.
Change
s
i
n
hous
i
n
g
c
ir
cu
m
s
t
ance
s
f
o
ll
ow
i
n
g
a
r
e
l
a
t
i
onsh
i
p
sepa
r
a
ti
on
W
h
e
n
f
a
mili
e
s
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
, t
h
e
r
e
s
id
e
n
t
p
a
r
e
n
t
ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
ce
s
l
a
r
ge d
ec
lin
e
s in
e
q
u
i
v
a
li
s
e
d
f
a
mi
l
y
in
c
om
e
.
A
mong
L
S
A
C
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
f
a
mili
e
s
, th
i
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
n
a
v
e
r
a
ge
wa
s
j
u
s
t
u
n
d
e
r
$2
3
0
p
e
r
wee
k,
w
h
e
r
ea
s
L
S
A
C
c
o
u
ple
f
a
mil
i
e
s
ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
ce
d
a
n
in
c
r
ea
s
e
i
n
e
quiv
a
li
s
e
d
f
a
mily
i
n
c
ome of
$126
p
e
r
wee
k
ov
e
r
the
s
a
me p
e
r
i
o
d.
A
lthough
th
e
s
e
we
r
e
s
u
b
s
t
a
nti
a
l
c
h
a
ng
e
s
in
f
a
mily
in
c
ome
fo
r
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
f
a
mili
e
s
,
th
e
r
e
wa
s
on
a
v
e
r
a
ge
no
i
n
c
r
ea
s
e
in th
e
ir
ho
u
s
ing
c
o
s
t
s
f
ol
l
o
w
i
n
g
s
e
p
a
r
a
tio
n
.
How
do
e
s
th
i
s
o
cc
u
r
?
M
a
n
y
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
mov
e
d
to
c
h
e
ap
e
r
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
h
ou
s
i
n
g
t
e
nu
r
e
s
;
in
p
a
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
p
r
iv
a
te
r
e
nt
a
l
s
a
nd the
“Oth
e
r
”
t
e
nu
r
e
ca
t
e
g
or
y
.
Pr
iv
a
te
r
e
nt
a
l
s
a
nd
the
“
O
th
e
r
”
t
e
n
u
r
e
ca
t
e
go
r
y
we
r
e
,
on
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
,
$100
a
nd
$200
a
wee
k
l
es
s
th
a
n
a
m
o
r
tg
a
g
e
.
F
or
m
o
s
t
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
f
a
mili
e
s
i
n
p
r
iv
a
te
r
e
n
t
a
l
s
,
t
he
t
r
a
n
s
ition
m
ea
nt
th
a
t
a
p
a
r
t
f
r
om
th
e
ir
c
hild
r
e
n,
th
e
y
we
r
e
e
ith
e
r
living
a
lone or
w
ith
a n
e
w p
a
r
tn
e
r
(69%
a
nd
2
2
%
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
e
l
y
).
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
f
o
r
t
he
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
f
a
mili
e
s
i
n
t
he
“O
t
h
e
r
”
t
e
n
u
r
e
ca
t
e
go
r
y
,
t
h
e
y
we
r
e
p
r
im
a
r
ily
r
e
l
y
ing
on
th
e
ir
r
e
l
a
tiv
e
s
f
or
lo
w
-
c
o
s
t
hou
s
ing (
f
o
r
exa
mpl
e
,
43%
we
r
e
living
w
ith
th
e
i
r
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
).
W
hile
w
e
did
n
ot
e
x
a
mi
n
e
this
i
ss
ue
i
n
this
r
e
po
r
t, ov
e
r
c
r
o
w
ding
m
a
y
be
a
n i
ss
ue
f
or
t
h
e
s
e
ho
u
se
hold
s
.
Hous
i
n
g
an
d
ch
il
d
we
ll
be
i
ng
T
h
e
r
e
we
r
e
s
ome
v
e
r
y
l
a
r
ge di
ff
e
r
e
n
ce
s
in
c
hil
d
r
e
n’s
d
e
v
e
lopm
e
nt
a
l
out
c
om
e
s
f
or
h
o
u
s
ing
t
e
n
u
r
e
in
p
a
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
,
s
ome di
f
f
e
r
e
n
ce
s
f
or
h
ou
s
i
ng
s
t
r
es
s
a
nd
l
ittle
s
t
a
t
i
s
ti
ca
lly
s
ign
i
f
i
ca
nt
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
r
e
s
id
e
nti
a
l
mobilit
y
.
T
he
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
fr
om
the
r
e
g
r
es
s
ion mod
e
lling
in
p
a
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
s
ug
g
e
s
ts
th
a
t
the
l
a
r
g
e
s
t
di
ff
e
r
e
n
ce
s
in
l
e
v
e
ls
of
r
ece
ptive vo
ca
bul
a
r
y
a
nd
b
e
ing
a
t
r
i
s
k of
c
lini
ca
l l
e
v
e
ls
of
e
motion
a
l
o
r
b
e
h
a
viou
r
a
l p
r
obl
e
m
s
a
r
e
f
o
u
nd
w
h
e
n
exa
mining
t
he
ho
u
s
ing t
e
nu
r
e
t
y
pe
o
f
c
hild
r
e
n
in
c
ouple
f
a
mili
e
s
.
C
hild
r
e
n
in
c
ouple
f
a
mili
e
s
w
ho
we
r
e
living
in
public
hou
s
ing
h
a
d
lo
we
r
l
e
v
e
ls
of
r
ece
ptive
v
o
ca
bul
a
r
y
a
nd
high
e
r
r
a
t
e
s
o
f
e
motion
a
l
or
b
e
h
a
vio
u
r
a
l
p
r
obl
e
m
s
th
a
n
c
hild
r
e
n
living
in
f
a
mi
l
i
e
s
w
ho
o
w
n
e
d
or
we
r
e
p
ay
ing
o
f
f
t
h
e
ir
o
w
n
h
o
m
e
.
C
hild
r
e
n
in
c
ouple
f
a
mili
e
s
w
h
o
we
r
e
p
r
iv
a
te
r
e
nt
e
r
s
a
l
s
o
h
a
d
lo
we
r
l
e
v
e
ls of
r
ece
ptive
vo
ca
bul
ar
y
th
a
n
c
hild
r
e
n
of
home
o
w
n
e
rs
,
a
nd
8
–
9
yea
r
old
c
hild
r
e
n
in
this
g
r
oup
a
l
s
o
h
a
d
high
e
r
r
a
t
e
s
of
c
li
n
i
ca
l
l
e
v
e
ls
of
e
motion
a
l
o
r
b
e
h
a
viou
r
a
l
p
r
obl
e
m
s
.
A
di
ff
e
r
e
nt
p
a
tt
e
r
n
o
f
di
f
f
e
r
e
n
ce
s
is
e
vid
e
nt
by
hou
s
i
n
g
t
e
nu
r
e
f
o
r
c
hild
r
e
n
living
in
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
f
a
mili
e
s
.
Only
4
–
5
yea
r
old
c
hild
r
e
n
in
public
ho
u
s
ing
h
a
d
lo
we
r
l
e
v
e
ls
of
r
ece
ptive vo
ca
bul
a
r
y
,
w
hile
8
–
9
yea
r
old
c
hild
r
e
n
living
in
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
f
a
mili
e
s
w
h
e
r
e
the
p
a
r
e
nt
o
w
n
e
d
the
ho
m
e
out
r
ight
h
a
d
f
a
r
l
o
we
r
r
a
t
e
s
of
e
m
otion
a
l
o
r
b
e
h
a
vi
o
u
r
a
l
p
r
obl
e
ms
t
h
a
n
a
ny
o
t
h
e
r
g
r
oup
o
f
separated
c
hild
r
e
n.
A
lthough
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
f
a
mili
e
s
h
a
d
mu
c
h
high
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
s
of
h
ou
s
ing
s
t
r
e
s
s
th
a
n
c
ouple
f
a
mili
e
s
,
th
e
r
e
we
r
e
no
s
t
a
t
i
s
ti
ca
lly
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
nt
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
ce
s
in th
e
ir
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
c
hild
r
e
n’s
r
ece
ptive
vo
ca
b
u
l
a
r
y
or
r
a
t
e
s
of
c
lini
ca
l
l
e
v
e
ls
o
f
e
m
o
t
i
on
a
l
or
b
e
h
a
viou
r
a
l
p
r
obl
e
m
s
.
A
lt
h
ough
t
h
e
r
e
wa
s
e
vid
e
n
c
e th
a
t
c
hild
r
e
n
living
i
n
c
ouple
f
a
mili
e
s
w
ho
w
e
r
e
in
h
o
u
s
i
n
g
s
t
r
e
s
s h
a
d
s
i
g
ni
f
i
ca
ntly
l
o
we
r
l
e
v
e
ls
o
f
r
ece
ptive
vo
ca
bul
a
r
y
th
a
n
c
hild
r
e
n
living
in
c
ouple
f
a
m
i
li
e
s
w
ho
we
r
e
n
o
t,
th
e
s
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
n
ce
s
we
r
e
no
long
e
r
e
vid
e
nt
on
c
e
o
t
h
e
r
d
e
mog
r
a
phic
c
h
a
r
ac
t
e
r
i
s
ti
c
s
we
r
e
t
a
k
e
n
into
acc
ount.
T
his
s
ugg
es
t
s
th
a
t
the
c
h
a
r
ac
t
e
r
i
s
ti
c
s
of
c
ouple
f
a
mili
e
s
p
r
e
d
i
s
p
o
s
e
th
e
m
to
hou
s
ing
s
t
r
e
s
s
a
nd
not
hou
s
i
n
g
s
t
r
e
s
s
p
e
r
s
e
,
a
nd
ex
pl
a
i
n
s
th
e
di
ff
e
r
e
n
ce
s
i
n the
l
e
v
e
ls
of
r
ece
pt
i
ve
vo
ca
bul
a
r
y
by
ho
u
s
ing
s
t
r
es
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
f
l
uen
c
e
o
f
un
s
t
a
b
l
e
hou
si
n
g
o
n
c
h
il
dren
’
s
we
ll
be
i
n
g
an
d
d
e
v
e
l
opment
A
u
s
t
ra
li
a
n
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
te
o
f
F
am
il
y St
ud
i
es
4
Su
r
p
r
i
s
ingl
y
,
r
e
s
id
e
nti
a
l mo
b
ility
wa
s
not
as
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
ith
c
hild
r
e
n’s
r
ece
ptive
vo
ca
b
u
l
a
r
y
or
t
h
e
i
r
e
motion
a
l
o
r
b
e
h
a
viou
r
a
l
p
r
obl
e
m
s
.
W
hile
the
l
e
v
e
l
of
r
e
s
id
e
nti
a
l
m
obility
o
f
c
hi
l
d
r
e
n
in
t
h
e
L
S
A
C
s
a
mple
wa
s
n
o
t
v
e
r
y
high,
m
a
ny
s
tudi
e
s
h
a
ve
f
ound
s
t
a
t
i
s
ti
ca
lly
s
ign
i
f
i
ca
nt
di
ff
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
u
s
ing
a
li
f
e
time
numb
e
r
of mov
e
s
of
t
h
r
e
e
or
m
o
r
e
f
or
a
dol
e
s
ce
nts
(
J
e
ll
ey
m
a
n
&
Sp
e
n
ce
r
,
2008).
P
e
r
h
a
ps
t
he
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
mov
e
d
a
nd
w
h
e
th
e
r
c
hild
r
e
n
s
h
i
f
t
e
d
s
c
hools
m
a
y
be
one
e
xpl
a
n
a
tion
f
or
t
he
l
ac
k
of
di
ff
e
r
e
n
ce
s
in
the
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
c
o
nt
ex
t.
F
u
tu
r
e
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
c
ould
i
nv
e
s
tig
a
t
e
this
i
ss
u
e
;
ho
we
v
e
r
,
it m
a
y
a
l
s
o
be
ex
p
l
a
in
e
d
by
the
f
ac
t
th
a
t
c
omp
a
r
e
d
to the
U
n
i
t
e
d
St
a
t
e
s
,
f
a
mily
s
u
p
po
rt
s
in
A
u
s
t
r
a
lia
a
r
e
f
a
r
m
o
r
e
s
u
b
s
t
a
nti
a
l.
H
a
ving
a
“hom
e
”
is
a
f
un
d
a
m
e
nt
a
l
n
ee
d
of
a
ll
c
hild
r
e
n
.
F
indings
fr
o
m
th
i
s
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
ugg
e
s
t
t
h
a
t
w
hile
r
e
s
id
e
nti
a
l
mobil
i
ty
do
e
s
not
und
e
r
mine
c
hild
r
e
n
’
s d
e
v
e
lopm
e
nt,
living
in
t
y
p
e
s
of
ho
u
s
i
n
g
t
e
nu
r
e
a
ss
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
ith
i
n
s
t
a
bility
—
s
u
c
h
a
s
“doub
l
ing up”
—
is
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
ith
s
ome
a
dv
e
rs
e
e
ff
ec
t
s
.
E
v
e
n
m
o
r
e
s
u
b
s
t
a
nti
a
l
is
the
r
ole
pl
aye
d
by
the
t
y
pe
of
ho
u
s
ing
t
e
n
u
r
e
,
w
ith
th
o
s
e
c
hild
r
e
n
living
in
public
h
o
u
s
ing
h
a
ving
mu
c
h
w
o
rs
e
r
e
c
e
ptive
vo
ca
bul
a
r
y
a
nd
mu
c
h high
e
r
r
a
t
e
s
of
b
e
h
a
viou
r
a
l
o
r
e
mot
i
on
a
l p
r
obl
e
m
s
.
One
e
xpl
a
n
a
ti
o
n
is
th
a
t
t
o
be
e
ligible
f
or
p
u
blic
hou
s
ing,
f
a
mili
e
s
n
ee
d to
h
a
ve
s
igni
f
i
ca
nt, long
-
t
e
r
m
a
nd ongoing n
ee
d
s
,
w
h
e
r
ea
s
a doubling
u
p
a
rr
a
ng
e
m
e
nt
ca
n
be
e
nt
e
r
e
d
into
f
a
i
r
ly
qui
c
kl
y
.
H
o
u
s
ing
c
o
s
t
s
m
a
y
be
a
n
ot
h
e
r
p
o
ss
ib
l
e
e
xpl
a
n
a
tion,
a
s
f
a
mili
e
s
w
h
o
we
r
e
doubling
up
w
ith
r
e
l
a
t
iv
e
s
a
nd
t
h
o
s
e
living
in
p
u
blic
hou
s
i
ng
h
a
d
mu
c
h
lo
we
r
ho
u
s
ing
c
o
s
t
s
.
C
omp
a
r
e
d to
th
o
s
e
l
i
ving
in
public
ho
u
s
ing,
t
h
o
s
e
w
ho
we
r
e
doubling
up
h
a
d
hou
s
ing
c
o
s
t
s
th
a
t
we
r
e
$100
p
e
r
w
ee
k
lo
we
r
.
Giv
e
n
th
a
t
th
e
r
e
we
r
e
mo
r
e
limit
e
d
a
dv
e
rs
e
out
c
o
m
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
e
c
hild
r
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
tho
s
e in
public ho
u
s
ing,
t
h
e
n
p
e
r
h
a
p
s
one
r
ea
s
on
f
or
th
i
s
f
i
n
ding is
the mo
r
e
l
i
mit
e
d
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
b
u
r
d
e
n of
doubling
up.
F
u
r
th
e
r
w
o
r
k
c
ou
l
d
exa
mi
n
e
the
r
ole
pl
aye
d
by
the
f
in
a
n
c
i
a
l
s
t
r
es
s
o
f
p
ay
ing
r
e
nt
o
r
a
mo
r
tg
a
g
e
in
und
e
r
min
i
ng
the
a
bility
of
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
to
p
r
ovide
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
th
e
ir
c
hil
d
r
e
n,
or
the
f
in
a
n
c
i
a
l
s
t
r
e
s
s
of
h
o
u
s
ing on the
a
bil
i
ty to p
a
r
e
nt
e
ff
ec
tiv
e
l
y
,
s
o t
h
a
t hou
s
ing poli
c
i
e
s
ca
n
w
o
r
k
to
e
nh
a
n
c
e
the d
e
v
e
lopm
e
nt
of
A
u
s
t
r
a
l
i
a
n
c
hild
r
e
n.
T
h
e
i
n
f
l
uen
c
e
o
f
un
s
t
a
b
l
e
hou
si
n
g
o
n
c
h
il
dren
’
s
we
ll
be
i
n
g
an
d
d
e
v
e
l
opment
A
u
s
t
ra
li
a
n
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
te
o
f
F
am
il
y St
ud
i
es
5
Ack
now
l
edgem
e
nts
T
his
p
a
p
e
r
u
s
e
s
u
nit
r
ec
o
r
d
d
a
ta
fr
o
m
G
r
o
wi
n
g
Up
i
n
A
u
str
a
lia
:
T
he
L
ongit
u
d
i
n
a
l
Study
of
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
C
hi
l
d
r
e
n
(
L
S
AC
).
T
he
s
tudy is
c
ondu
c
t
e
d
in
p
a
r
tn
e
r
s
hip
b
e
t
wee
n
the D
e
p
a
r
tm
e
nt
o
f
F
a
mili
e
s
,
H
o
u
s
ing,
C
o
m
m
unity
S
e
r
vi
ce
s
a
nd
I
ndig
e
n
ous
A
f
f
a
i
r
s
(
F
a
H
C
S
I
A
),
t
h
e
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
I
n
s
titute
of
F
a
mily
Studi
e
s
(
A
IF
S
)
a
nd
the
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
B
u
r
ea
u
of
St
a
ti
s
ti
c
s
(
A
B
S).
T
he
f
indi
n
g
s
a
nd
vi
ew
s
r
e
po
r
t
e
d
in
th
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
a
r
e
tho
s
e
of
the
a
uthor
a
nd
s
hould
n
o
t
be
a
tt
r
ibut
e
d
t
o
F
a
H
C
S
I
A
,
AI
F
S
o
r
the
A
B
S
.
T
h
e
i
n
f
l
uen
c
e
o
f
un
s
t
a
b
l
e
hou
si
n
g
o
n
c
h
il
dren
’
s
we
ll
be
i
n
g
an
d
d
e
v
e
l
opment
A
u
s
t
ra
li
a
n
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
te
o
f
F
am
il
y St
ud
i
es
6
1
Int
r
odu
c
t
i
on
Ve
r
y little is
und
e
rs
t
ood
a
b
out
the in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
ho
u
s
i
n
g on
c
hild
r
e
n’s
d
e
v
e
lopm
e
n
t
in
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
.
F
or
exa
mpl
e
,
a
r
ece
nt
r
e
vi
e
w
of
the
lit
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
on
th
i
s
i
s
s
ue
s
ugg
es
ts
t
h
a
t:
“
T
h
e
r
e
is
noti
cea
bly
a
l
ac
k
of
e
mpi
r
i
ca
l
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
c
ondu
c
t
e
d
in
A
u
s
t
r
a
lia
o
n
the
links
b
e
t
wee
n
ho
u
s
i
ng
a
nd
c
hild
d
e
v
e
lopm
e
nt
…”
(Do
c
k
e
r
y
e
t
a
l.,
2010,
p.
2).
I
n
th
i
s
r
e
po
r
t,
w
e
b
e
gin
to
f
ill
t
h
e
g
a
p
in
t
h
e
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
e
vid
e
n
c
e by p
r
oviding the
f
i
rs
t
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l d
a
ta on
the in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
of
un
s
t
a
ble hou
s
ing
o
n
c
hild
r
e
n’s
d
e
v
e
l
o
pm
e
nt
u
s
i
ng d
a
ta
fr
o
m
G
r
o
wi
n
g
Up
i
n A
u
str
a
lia
:
T
he
L
ongitud
i
n
a
l S
t
udy
of
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
C
hil
d
r
e
n
(
L
S
A
C
).
Sp
ec
i
f
i
ca
ll
y
,
w
e
e
x
a
mine
the
as
s
o
c
i
a
tion
b
e
t
we
e
n
r
e
s
id
e
nti
a
l
mobilit
y
,
u
n
s
t
a
ble ho
u
s
ing
t
e
nu
r
e
a
nd
ho
u
s
ing
s
t
r
e
s
s
o
n
c
hild
r
e
n
’
s
c
o
g
nitive
d
e
v
e
l
opm
e
nt
a
nd
l
ea
r
ning,
a
nd
s
o
c
i
a
l
-
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
f
un
c
tioning.
P
a
r
e
nt
a
l
r
e
l
a
tion
s
hip
b
r
ea
kdo
w
n
o
ft
e
n
l
ea
ds
to
un
s
t
a
ble
hou
s
i
ng,
a
nd
both
of
th
e
s
e
a
r
e
a
l
s
o
k
e
y
r
i
s
k
f
ac
to
r
s
f
or
hom
e
l
e
ss
n
e
ss
,
s
o
w
e
f
o
c
u
s
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
ly
on
t
he
ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
ce
s
of
c
hi
l
d
r
e
n living
i
n
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
a
nd
c
ouple
f
a
mili
e
s
.
T
he
r
e
m
a
ind
e
r
o
f
t
his
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
s
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
e
d
a
s
f
ollo
w
s
.
S
ec
tion
2
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
vi
e
w
of
t
h
e
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
lit
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
on the
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
ti
o
n
b
e
t
wee
n
r
e
s
id
e
n
ti
a
l
mo
b
i
l
it
y
,
ho
u
s
ing
s
t
r
e
s
s
a
nd
h
o
u
s
ing
t
e
n
u
r
e
on
c
hild
out
c
om
e
s
.
S
ec
tion
3
p
r
ovid
e
s
a
n
ov
e
r
vi
e
w
o
f
s
o
m
e
d
e
f
initi
on
s
r
e
l
e
v
a
nt
to
ho
u
s
ing
a
nd
h
o
m
e
le
ss
n
e
s
s
in
A
u
s
t
r
a
lia
a
nd
the
d
a
ta
u
s
e
d
in
th
i
s
r
e
p
o
r
t.
S
ec
tion 4
p
r
ovid
e
s
a d
e
s
c
r
i
p
tion
of
t
h
e
s
e
a
s
p
ec
ts
of
the ho
u
s
i
n
g
c
i
r
c
um
s
t
a
n
ce
s
of
A
u
s
t
r
a
l
i
a
n
c
hild
r
e
n.
S
ec
tion
5
f
o
c
u
s
e
s
o
n
t
he
h
o
u
s
ing
c
i
r
c
um
s
t
a
n
ce
s
o
f
c
hil
d
r
e
n
living in
f
a
mili
e
s
w
h
e
r
e th
e
ir
p
a
r
e
nt
s
h
a
ve
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
a
nd
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
ir
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
s
till
c
o
u
pl
e
d. S
ec
tion 6
e
x
a
min
e
s
the
r
e
l
a
tion
s
h
i
p
s
b
e
t
wee
n
c
hild
out
c
om
e
s
a
nd
hou
s
i
ng
c
h
a
r
ac
t
e
r
i
s
ti
c
s
f
or
4
–
5
a
nd
8
–
9
yea
r
old
c
hild
r
e
n
i
n
s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
a
nd
c
ouple
f
a
mi
l
i
e
s
,
w
hile
c
ont
r
olling
f
o
r oth
e
r
s
o
c
i
o
-
ec
onomic
c
h
a
r
ac
t
e
r
i
s
ti
c
s
o
f
c
hild
r
e
n’s
f
a
mili
e
s
.
T
he
f
i
n
a
l
s
ec
tion d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
s
th
e
s
e
f
i
nd
i
ngs
a
nd
t
h
e
ir
impli
ca
t
i
on
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
f
l
uen
c
e
o
f
un
s
t
a
b
l
e
hou
si
n
g
o
n
c
h
il
dren
’
s
we
ll
be
i
n
g
an
d
d
e
v
e
l
opment
A
u
s
t
ra
li
a
n
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
te
o
f
F
am
il
y St
ud
i
es
7
2
Un
s
tab
l
e hou
si
n
g and
c
h
il
d
r
en
’
s
de
v
e
l
opment
T
his
s
ec
tion
p
r
ovid
e
s
a
n
ov
e
r
vi
e
w of
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
e
x
a
mi
n
ing
the in
f
lu
e
n
c
e of
r
e
s
id
e
n
ti
a
l
mobilit
y
,
hou
s
ing
s
t
r
e
s
s
a
nd
ho
u
s
ing
t
e
nu
r
e
on
c
hild
r
e
n
’
s
d
e
v
e
lopm
e
nt.
Giv
e
n
th
a
t
u
n
s
t
a
ble hou
s
ing
ca
n
l
ea
d
to
h
om
e
l
es
s
n
es
s
,
w
e b
r
i
e
f
ly
di
s
c
u
s
s
the
impl
i
ca
tions
of
hom
e
l
es
s
n
e
s
s
f
or
c
hil
d
r
e
n
’
s
d
e
v
e
lopm
e
nt
(
s
e
e
a
l
s
o
A
p
p
e
ndix A
f
or
a
di
s
c
u
ss
i
o
n of
t
h
e
d
e
f
inition
of
h
om
e
l
es
s
n
ess
).
2
.
1
Res
i
den
ti
a
l
m
ob
ilit
y
High
l
e
v
e
ls
of
r
e
s
id
e
n
ti
a
l
mobility
h
a
ve
c
o
n
s
e
qu
e
n
ce
s
f
or
t
he
d
e
v
e
lopm
e
nt
of
t
h
e
c
hild
r
e
n
i
n
th
e
s
e
h
ou
s
e
ho
l
d
s
.
A
r
ece
nt
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
tic
r
e
vi
e
w
o
f
22
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
high
e
r
l
e
v
e
ls
of
b
e
h
a
viou
r
a
l
a
nd
e
motion
a
l p
r
obl
e
m
s
,
in
c
r
ea
s
e
d
t
ee
n
a
ge
p
r
e
gn
a
n
c
y
r
a
t
e
s
,
f
a
s
t
e
r
initi
a
t
i
on
o
f
illi
c
it
d
r
ug
u
s
e
a
n
d
r
e
du
ce
d
c
ontinu
i
ty
of
h
ea
l
t
h
ca
r
e
(
J
e
ll
ey
m
a
n
&
Sp
e
n
c
e
r
,
2008).
A
p
a
r
t
f
r
om
th
e
s
e k
e
y
f
inding
s
,
th
e
r
e
a
r
e
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
oth
e
r
im
p
o
r
t
a
nt
poin
t
s
th
a
t
we
r
e
n
ot
e
d
a
bout
the
s
tudi
e
s
th
a
t
w
e
r
e
r
e
vi
ewe
d.
F
i
r
s
t,
a
lthou
g
h
th
e
r
e
wa
s
n
o
a
g
r
ee
d
d
e
f
init
i
on
o
f
“high
l
e
v
e
ls
of
r
e
s
id
e
n
ti
a
l
mobil
i
t
y
”
,
it
wa
s
mo
s
t
o
f
t
e
n
d
e
f
in
e
d
a
s
b
e
ing
g
r
ea
t
e
r
th
a
n 3
m
o
v
e
s
in the
l
i
f
e
time
of
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
c
h
ool
a
n
d
a
dol
e
s
ce
n
t
c
hild
r
e
n,
a
nd this
l
e
v
e
l of
mobility h
a
d
s
t
a
t
i
s
ti
ca
lly
s
igni
f
i
ca
nt
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
tions
w
ith
n
e
g
a
tive
out
c
om
e
s
(
J
e
ll
ey
m
a
n
&
Sp
e
n
ce
r
,
2008).
S
ec
ond,
th
e
r
e
we
r
e
only
th
r
e
e
s
tudi
e
s
t
h
a
t
exa
min
e
d
the
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
of
r
e
s
i
d
e
nti
a
l
m
ob
i
lity
on
t
he
out
c
o
m
e
s
of
p
r
esc
hool
-
a
g
e
d
c
hild
r
e
n
a
nd
t
he
e
vid
e
n
c
e
on
the
a
ss
o
c
i
a
tion
w
ith
c
hild
o
ut
c
om
e
s
wa
s
mi
xe
d, p
r
im
a
r
i
ly b
eca
u
s
e the
s
tudi
e
s
h
a
d a
s
m
a
ll
s
a
mp
l
e
s
i
z
e
a
nd
we
r
e
u
n
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
a
tiv
e
.
T
h
i
r
d,
J
e
ll
ey
m
a
n
a
nd Sp
e
n
ce
r
did
n
ot
id
e
n
ti
f
y
a
n
y
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
s
tudi
e
s
in
t
h
e
ir
r
e
vi
ew
—
17
of
the
22
s
t
u
di
e
s
we
r
e
fr
o
m
the
U
n
i
t
e
d
St
a
t
e
s
a
nd
a
f
u
r
th
e
r
t
h
r
e
e
s
tudi
e
s
fr
o
m
Ca
n
a
d
a
.
Giv
e
n
th
a
t
the
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
c
ont
e
xt is
v
e
r
y
di
ff
e
r
e
nt,
it
i
s
imp
o
r
t
a
nt
to
h
a
ve
s
ome
n
a
ti
o
n
a
lly
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
a
t
i
ve
e
vid
e
n
ce
.
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
s
e
v
e
r
a
l l
a
r
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
tudi
e
s
f
r
om
the
U
nit
e
d S
t
a
t
e
s
th
a
t
a
l
s
o
s
ugg
e
s
t
th
a
t
c
hild
r
e
n
w
ho
e
xp
e
r
i
e
n
c
e high
e
r
r
a
t
e
s
of
r
e
s
id
e
nti
a
l
mobility
a
r
e
a
t
high
e
r
r
i
s
k
of
s
c
h
ool
d
r
o
p
o
u
t
(
A
s
tone &
M
c
L
a
n
a
h
a
n, 1994),
r
e
p
ea
ti
n
g a g
r
a
de
a
t
s
c
hool, or
b
e
ing
s
u
s
p
e
nd
e
d
or
ex
p
e
ll
e
d
(
Simp
s
o
n
&
F
o
w
l
e
r
,
1994;
W
o
od,
H
a
l
fo
n,
S
ca
r
l
a
t
a
,
N
ewac
h
ec
k
&
N
e
ss
i
m,
1993).
T
he
r
ea
s
o
n
s
th
a
t
high
e
r
l
e
v
e
ls
of
r
e
s
id
e
nti
a
l
m
o
bil
i
ty in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
c
hild
r
e
n
n
e
g
a
t
iv
e
ly u
s
u
a
lly
ce
nt
r
e
s
a
r
o
u
n
d
a
ss
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
di
sr
u
p
tio
n
s
to
s
o
c
i
a
l
c
onn
e
c
tions
w
ith
i
n
n
e
ighbou
r
hoo
d
s
,
p
a
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly if
c
hild
r
e
n
h
a
ve to
move
s
c
hoo
l
s
a
nd m
a
ke
n
e
w
f
r
i
e
n
ds
(
D
o
c
k
e
r
y
e
t
a
l., 2010;
J
e
l
l
ey
m
a
n & Sp
e
n
ce
r
, 2008).
N
ew
ly
divo
r
ce
d
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
a
nd
th
e
ir
c
hild
r
e
n
h
a
ve
a
hi
g
h
e
r
r
a
te
o
f
r
e
s
id
e
n
ti
a
l
m
o
bility th
a
n
c
oup
l
e
f
a
mili
e
s
.
US
e
vid
e
n
c
e
f
r
om a
l
a
r
ge
longitudin
a
l
s
t
u
dy
s
u
gg
e
s
ts
t
h
a
t
p
a
r
e
nt
a
l
div
o
r
c
e
in
c
r
ea
s
e
s
t
h
e
p
r
ob
a
bility
t
h
a
t
c
hild
r
e
n
w
i
ll
move
out
o
f
th
e
ir
n
e
ig
h
bou
r
h
o
ods
(Sou
t
h,
C
r
o
w
d
e
r
,
&
T
r
e
n
t
,
1998).
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
d
a
ta
a
l
s
o
s
ugg
e
s
t
th
a
t
t
he
mobility
r
a
t
e
s
of
s
ingle
-
p
a
r
e
n
t
f
a
mili
e
s
a
r
e
high
e
r
th
a
n
c
ouple
f
a
mili
e
s
w
ith
c
hild
r
e
n
(
B
e
ll & Hugo, 2000),
a
lt
h
ough
the
r
a
t
e
s
we
r
e
e
quiv
a
l
e
nt
to
c
oup
l
e
f
a
mili
e
s
w
ith
o
ut
c
hild
r
e
n
a
nd
lo
n
e
-
p
e
r
s
on
h
ou
s
e
h
old
s
.
A
l
s
o
in
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
,
21%
o
f
s
i
ngle
p
a
r
e
nt
s
w
ho
mov
e
d
did
s
o
a
s
a
r
e
s
u
lt
of
s
e
p
a
r
a
tion,
w
hile
a
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
15%
mov
e
d
to
r
e
du
c
e
h
ou
s
ing
c
o
s
t
s
(
W
ul
f
f
&
B
e
ll, 1997).
High
l
e
v
e
ls
of
r
e
s
id
e
n
ti
a
l
mobility
a
r
e
a
l
s
o
a
c
h
a
r
ac
t
e
r
i
s
tic
of
the
hom
e
l
e
s
s popul
a
ti
o
n
(
B
a
r
t
holom
ew
,
1999;
M
cCa
ugh
ey
,
1992;
C
h
a
mb
e
r
l
a
in
&
M
ac
K
e
n
z
i
e
,
1998,
2008;
C
h
a
mb
e
r
l
a
i
n
,
J
oh
n
s
on, &
T
h
e
ob
a
ld, 20
0
7;
J
ohn
s
o
n, G
r
ond
a
, &
C
outt
s
, 2008).
W
hile longitud
i
n
a
l d
a
ta on
f
a
mili
e
s
ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
ing
h
o
m
e
l
e
ss
n
e
s
s
is
s
p
a
r
s
e
, th
e
r
e
i
s
s
o
me
e
vid
e
n
c
e
t
h
a
t
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
f
a
mili
e
s
w
h
o
e
xp
e
r
i
e
n
c
e hom
e
l
e
s
s
n
e
s
s
h
a
d
a hi
s
to
r
y of
b
e
ing hi
g
hly mobil
e
.
T
he m
o
s
t
r
e
c
e
nt
a
v
a
il
a
ble
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
d
a
ta
i
ndi
ca
te
t
h
a
t
31%
o
f
c
hild
r
e
n
acc
o
m
p
a
n
y
ing
a
dults
acces
s
ing
h
om
e
l
e
s
s
n
es
s
s
upp
o
r
t
s
e
r
vi
ce
s
h
a
d
liv
e
d
i
n
3
or
mo
r
e hom
e
s
in
t
he
1
2
mont
h
s
p
r
ior
to
r
ece
iving
s
upp
o
r
t
a
n
d
ov
e
r
20%
h
a
d liv
e
d in 2
o
r
mo
r
e hom
e
s
in the mon
t
h p
r
ior
to
r
ece
iving
s
upp
or
t
(
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
I
n
s
titute of
H
ea
lth
a
nd
We
l
f
a
r
e [
A
I
H
W
],
1999).
Ov
e
r
6
0%
of
th
e
s
e
c
hil
d
r
e
n
h
a
d
ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
ce
d
a
hou
s
e
m
ove
in the
p
r
e
vio
u
s
12 mont
h
s
,
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d to
the
n
a
tion
a
l
a
v
e
r
a
ge
of
1
5
%
of
a
ll
f
a
mili
e
s
.
1
1
T
h
e
l
a
tt
e
r
pe
r
cen
t
a
g
e
is
ba
s
e
d
o
n t
h
e
a
u
t
ho
r
s
’
ca
l
c
u
l
a
ti
o
n
s
u
s
i
n
g
T
a
bl
e
2
o
f
ABS
(2009
a
).
T
h
e
i
n
f
l
uen
c
e
o
f
un
s
t
a
b
l
e
hou
si
n
g
o
n
c
h
il
dren
’
s
we
ll
be
i
n
g
an
d
d
e
v
e
l
opment
A
u
s
t
ra
li
a
n
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
te
o
f
F
am
il
y St
ud
i
es
8
2
.
2
Hous
i
n
g
s
tr
ess
E
v
e
n
w
h
e
r
e
f
a
mili
e
s
a
r
e
n
ot
h
ighly
mobil
e
,
f
in
a
n
c
i
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
—
s
u
c
h
a
s h
a
ving
d
i
ff
i
c
ulti
e
s
p
ay
i
n
g
the
r
e
nt
or
mo
r
tg
a
ge
(i.
e
.,
h
ou
s
ing
s
t
r
es
s
)
—
ca
n
h
a
ve
s
i
g
ni
f
i
ca
nt
imp
ac
ts
on
c
hild
r
e
n.
A
t
2003
–
04,
23%
of
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
n
ho
u
s
e
h
o
lds
in
t
he
bot
t
om
4
0
%
of
t
he
in
c
ome
di
s
t
r
ib
u
tion
we
r
e
in
hou
s
i
ng
s
t
r
e
ss
.
T
h
i
s
e
qu
a
t
e
s
to
a
pp
ro
xim
a
t
e
ly
719,000 hou
s
e
h
olds
(
Ya
t
e
s
,
2007).
S
e
v
e
r
a
l
s
tudi
e
s
h
a
ve do
c
um
e
nt
e
d
th
a
t
ho
u
s
ing
a
ff
or
d
a
bility h
a
s
n
e
g
a
tive
c
o
n
s
e
qu
e
n
ce
s
f
o
r
c
hild
r
e
n,
a
lthough
t
he
f
ind
i
ngs
a
r
e not
c
l
ea
r
c
ut.
B
a
r
t
f
i
e
ld
a
nd
Duni
f
on
(200
5
)
f
o
u
nd
th
a
t
th
e
r
e
wa
s
a
l
a
r
ge
a
nd
r
obu
s
t
link b
e
t
wee
n
f
ood
i
n
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
hou
s
e
holds
w
i
th
c
hild
r
e
n
a
nd
g
r
ea
t
e
r
m
e
di
a
n
r
e
n
t
s
i
n
the
U
nit
e
d St
a
t
e
s
.
H
a
r
kn
es
s
a
nd N
ew
m
an
(2005)
r
e
po
r
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
c
hi
l
d
r
e
n
living
i
n
a
r
ea
s
w
ith
the l
ea
s
t
a
ff
o
r
d
a
b
le hou
s
ing m
a
r
k
e
ts
h
a
d
w
o
r
s
e
e
du
ca
tion
a
l out
c
om
e
s
th
a
n
tho
s
e
w
h
o
did
not.
T
h
e
ir
s
tudy
s
ugg
e
s
ts
the
e
ff
ec
t
m
a
y
be
c
u
m
ul
a
tiv
e
,
a
s
as
s
o
c
i
a
tio
n
s
b
e
t
wee
n
hou
s
i
n
g
a
ff
o
r
d
a
bil
i
ty
a
nd
e
du
ca
tio
n
a
l
out
c
om
e
s
we
r
e
s
t
r
ong
e
r
f
or
old
e
r
c
hi
l
d
r
e
n
(
12
–
17
yea
rs
)
t
h
an
y
oung
e
r
c
hild
r
e
n
(
6
–
11).
H
o
we
v
e
r
,
a
noth
e
r
l
a
r
ge
-
s
ca
le
U
S
s
tudy
s
ugg
e
s
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
c
hil
d
r
e
n
living
i
n
a
r
ea
s
w
ith
high
e
r
ho
u
s
ing
c
o
s
t
s
f
a
r
e
d
no
w
o
rs
e
o
n
c
o
g
nitive
t
e
s
t
s
a
nd
a m
ea
s
u
r
e of
b
e
h
a
vio
u
r
p
r
obl
e
m
s
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
living
i
n lo
we
r
c
o
s
t
a
r
ea
s
(
H
a
r
kn
e
s
s
, N
ew
m
a
n, & Hol
u
pk
a
, 2009).
T
h
e
r
e
a
r
e t
w
o
p
o
s
s
ible
ex
pl
a
n
a
tions
giv
e
n
in
the lit
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
f
or
t
he in
f
lu
e
n
c
e of
h
o
u
s
ing
c
o
s
ts
o
n
c
hild
r
e
n’s
d
e
v
e
lopm
e
n
t.
T
h
e
m
a
teri
a
l
ha
r
d
s
h
ip
e
xpl
a
n
a
ti
o
n
s
ugg
e
s
ts
th
a
t
high
e
r
h
ou
s
i
ng
c
o
s
ts
ca
n
s
igni
f
i
ca
ntly
a
ff
ec
t
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
’
a
bility
to
p
r
ovide
a
d
e
qu
a
t
e
ly
f
or
th
e
ir
c
hild
r
e
n;
f
or
exa
mpl
e
,
b
e
ing
a
ble
to
a
f
f
o
r
d
f
ood,
s
c
h
o
ol
boo
k
s
,
c
lo
t
h
e
s
a
nd
h
ea
l
t
h
ca
r
e
.
T
he oth
e
r
p
o
t
e
nti
a
l
e
x
pl
a
n
a
tion
i
s
d
e
r
iv
e
d
f
r
om
t
he
f
a
m
ily str
e
ss
mod
e
l
of
ec
onomic
h
a
r
d
s
h
i
p,
w
hi
c
h
p
o
s
tul
a
t
e
s
a
s
e
r
i
e
s
of
m
e
di
a
t
e
d
r
e
l
a
tion
s
hips
b
e
t
wee
n
f
in
a
n
c
i
a
l
h
a
r
d
s
hip, p
a
r
e
n
t
s
’
m
e
n
t
a
l
h
ea
lth,
c
on
f
li
c
t b
e
t
wee
n
ca
r
e
giv
e
r
s
,
p
a
r
e
nting
p
r
ac
ti
ce
s
a
nd
c
hi
l
d
r
e
n’s
m
e
nt
a
l
h
ea
lth
(
C
ong
e
r
&
D
onn
e
ll
a
n,
2007)
- Αρχική
- Περιήγηση
- Όλες οι Κατηγορίες
- Internet και Εφαρμογές Web
- Αποθήκευση
- Ασφάλεια
- Βιοτεχνολογία
- Δίκτυα και Επικοινωνίες
- Διακομιστές
- Διαχείριση
- Διαχείριση Δεδομένων
- Επιχειρησιακές Εφαρμογές
- Ηλεκτρονική - Συσκευές
- Ημιαγωγοί
- Κινητά – Ασύρματες Τεχνολογίες
- Λογισμικό & κατασκευή λογ/κού
- Μηχανική
- Περιβαλλοντική Τεχνολογία
- Πετρελαϊκά και Εξόρυξη
- Πολεοδομικά Έργα
- Τεχνίτη Νοημοσύνη και Ρομποτική
- Τηλεπικοινωνίες
- Ψυχαγωγία
- Κοινότητα
- Μεταφόρτωση
Σχόλια 0
Συνδεθείτε για να κοινοποιήσετε σχόλιο