Introduction to Website Development
Introduction
•
What is the World Wide Web?
•
What is the Internet?
•
What is a website?
•
What is website development?
Computer programming languages
Generations of computer programming
languages
•
Pre
-
computer age
–
Babbage, Ada Lovelace
–
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_engine
•
1
st
generation (1950s): Machine language
–
0s and 1s
•
2
nd
generation (1960s): Assembly language
•
3
rd
generation (late 1960s): High
-
level programming
–
COBOL, Fortran, BASIC, Pascal, C, C++, Visual Basic,
Java, C#
•
Scripting: 3.5
th
generation
–
JavaScript, Perl, PHP, ASP, CFML
•
4
th
generation: Meta languages
–
SQL, HTML, XML
•
5
th
generation: Intelligent languages
Contemporary programming
Languages
•
Traditional procedural (Third generation languages
—
3GL)
–
Basic, C, COBOL, Fortran
•
Script languages (3GL)
–
Perl, JavaScript, PHP, ASP, CFML
•
Object
-
oriented (3GL)
–
C++, Java
•
Visual and component
-
oriented (3GL)
–
Visual Basic, Visual C++, Delphi
•
Markup and modeling (Fourth generation languages
—
4GL)
–
HTML, XML, VRML
•
Data querying (4GL)
–
SQL
•
Web services (4GL)
–
Microsoft .NET, Java Web Services
–
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service
The program translation process
1.
Source code
–
Human
-
readable instructions using programming
language
2.
Compilation/Interpretation
–
Compilation: All at once, in advance
•
Most 3
rd
generation languages and below
–
Interpretation: Line
-
by
-
line, real
-
time
•
All 4
th
generation languages and above (including all scripting
languages); also some 3
rd
generation languages
3.
Machine language
–
Computer
-
readable ones and zeros
–
Sometimes intermediary object code
The Internet
Internet Milestones
http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet
•
1969: Originally called ARPANET, the Internet began as
a US military
-
academic network (originally 4 nodes)
•
1974: TCP/IP developed; later becomes lingua franca of
the Internet
•
1983: Milnet (for military) split off. After, Internet used
for academic, education and research only
•
1986: NSFNet created as US Internet backbone
•
Around 1991: commercial access to the Internet begins.
•
1993: NCSA Mosaic Web browser
•
As of 2004, the Internet had over 280 million servers
and 934 million users. Growth in the use of the Internet
continues at a rapid rate.
(see
http://www.clickz.com/stats/
)
Internet services
•
WWW
•
E
-
mail
•
FTP
•
Others
–
Instant Messaging
–
Internet telephony
–
Usenet
–
Telnet
Open source software
•
Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation
–
The free software revolution
•
GNU and the General Public License
–
Copyleft
•
Linus Torvalds and Linux
–
Legitimization of the free software methodology
•
Eric Raymond and the Open Source Initiative
–
Free software becomes “open source”
–
Commercial legitimization of free software
•
Netscape and Mozilla
–
First major traditional enterprise to go open source
–
Mozilla Project successfully competes in consumer market
The World Wide Web
Background of the World Wide Web
•
1989: Tim Berners
-
Lee invented HTML
and the WWW
•
1994: World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) established to guide Web
standards
–
HTML: Standard WWW markup
–
XML: Customizable, data
-
oriented markup
–
XHTML: Extensible, well
-
formed HTML
–
CSS: Formatting
How the WWW Works
(Dennis, 2004 Figure 2
-
8)
Example of an HTTP
Request from a Web
browser
GET http://www.kelley.indiana.edu/ardennis/home.htm HTTP/1.1
Date: Mon 06 Aug 2001 17:35:46 GMT
User
-
Agent: Mozilla/6.0
Referer: http://www.indiana.edu/~aisdept/faculty.htm
Request Header
]
-
Request
Line
]
-
Web browser (this is Netscape)
Command
URL
HTTP version
URL that contained the link to the requested URL
(Dennis, 2004 Figure 2
-
9)
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
]
-
Response Status
Date: Mon 06 Aug 2001 17:35:46 GMT
]
-
Date
Server: NCSA/1.3
]
-
Web server
Location: http:// www.kelley.indiana.edu/adennis/home.htm
]
-
URL
Content
-
type: text/html
]
-
Type of file
<html>
<head>
<title>Allen R. Dennis</title>
</head>
<body>
<H2> Allen R. Dennis </H2>
<P>Welcome to the home page of Allen R. Dennis</P>
</body>
</html>
HTTP response from a Web
server
HTTP version Status code Reason
Response
Header
Response
Body
(Dennis, 2004 Figure 2
-
10)
History of web browsers
•
Initial, and text
-
only
•
NCSA Mosaic
–
First GUI browser, with images
—
gave a face to the Internet
•
Netscape Navigator
–
First commercial browser
•
Microsoft Internet Explorer
–
Today’s #1 browser in market share
•
Mozilla Firefox
–
The first successful open source browser
•
Other browsers
–
Apple Safari, Google Chrome, Opera,
Konqueror
A grammatical note
•
“Web” or “web”, “Internet” or “internet”?
•
In English, you normally capitalize any noun that is unique in its entire
domain, except when it is very commonly used
–
“The prime minister of India”
—
a description
–
But “the Prime Minister of India”
—
a title
–
“the Prime Minister”
—
unique, referring to the PM of Canada
–
“the Milky Way Galaxy”, but “the sun” and “the solar system”
•
Thus, it all depends on how unique and common you feel the Web and
Internet are
•
My personal preferences:
•
I always capitalize “the Internet”, even as an adjective, as in, “Internet
resources”. On the rare occasion that I refer to “the Net”, I also capitalize it.
•
The Web is more complicated:
–
The “World Wide Web” is always all capitalized
–
When referring directly to the WWW, I always capitalize “the Web”
–
When using the term as an adjective, I usually use small letters, as in “web
resources”.
–
I spell “websites” and “webpages” as single words
Standards
Why Standards?
•
Standards provide a fixed way for hardware
and/or software systems to communicate
•
For example, since XHTML is a standard,
–
Any web developer can create XHTML pages
–
that can be reliably served by any HTTP server
–
and that can be correctly viewed on any Web
browser
–
at least, that’s the idea
•
By allowing hardware and software from
different companies to interconnect,
standards help promote competition
Types of Standards
1.
Formal
: a standard developed by an industry
or government standards
-
making body
e.g. USB, 802.11g, XML, CSS
2.
De facto
: standards that emerge in the
marketplace and are widely used, but lack
official backing by a standards
-
making body
Intel 4x86 processor, Microsoft Windows,
Macromedia Flash, Adobe PDF
The Standardization Processes:
Three Steps
1.
Specification
: developing the
nomenclature and identifying the
problems to be addressed.
2.
Identification of choices
: identify
solutions to the problems and choose
the “optimum” solution.
3.
Acceptance
: defining the solution,
getting it recognized by industry so
that a uniform solution is accepted.
Some Major Standards Making
Bodies
•
ISO
: International Organization for
Standardization (www.iso.ch)
•
ITU
-
T
: International Telecommunications Union
–
Telecom Group (www.itu.int)
•
ANSI
: American National Standards Institute
(www.ansi.org)
•
IEEE
: Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (see
standards.ieee.org
)
•
IETF
: Internet Engineering Task Force
(
www.ietf.org
)
•
W3C
: World Wide Web Consortium (
www.org
)
Components of website
development
Components of website development
•
Content
•
Structure
•
Format and design
•
Dynamics and interactivity
–
Forms
–
Client
-
side programming
–
Server
-
side programming
–
Databases
Content
•
Purpose, goal and objectives of the site
•
Audience
•
Structure of content
•
Format and design of content
•
Interactivity and enhancement of
content presentation
Structure
•
HTML vs. XHTML
–
HTML: Anything goes
–
XHTML: Strict conformation to standards
•
Internal file structure
–
Page sections
–
Templates
•
Site structure
–
Folder hierarchy
–
Content vs. resources
–
Maintaining file links
Format and design
•
Graphics and aesthetics
•
Functionality, usability, and accessibility
Dynamics and interactivity
•
Forms
•
Client
-
side programming
–
JavaScript, VBScript
•
Server
-
side programming
–
Perl, PHP, ASP, ASP.NET, ColdFusion,
Python, JSP
•
Databases
–
MySQL, Access, Oracle, SQL Server
Summary
•
Computer programming languages of various
generations and complexities are used for various
purposes
•
The Internet connects computers worldwide to provide
various information resources
•
The World Wide Web is the richest and most flexible
Internet service
•
Standards are necessary to ensure a prolific and
competitive atmosphere for web development
•
Components of website development:
–
Content
–
Structure
–
Format and Design
–
Dynamics and Interactivity
References
•
Dennis, Alan, 2002.
Networking in the
Internet Age
. Wiley: New York.
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