Agriculture
AP Human Geography
Definition
•
Agriculture
–
raising of animals or the growing
of crops to obtain food for primary
consumption by the farm family or for sale off
the farm
Historical Perspective
•
First Agricultural Revolution
–
allowed humans to become more
sedentary and avail themselves of a more reliable source of food
–
Animal Domestication
–
process of taming wild animals for human
benefit
•
Second Agricultural Revolution
–
occurred during Industrial
Revolution
–
used technology as a means to increase production
and distribution of products
•
Third Agricultural Revolution
–
latter half of 20
th
cent, corresponded
with exponential population growth occurring around the world
–
Sometimes called GREEN REVOLUTION
–
involves use of biotechnology
(genetic engineering)
–
altering genetic material of plants and animals
–
Double cropping
–
growing two crops per year to double the harvest
–
Triple cropping
–
allows even more people to be fed
–
Continentality
–
area’s temp is affected by its location relative to
nearest large body of water
Agricultural Hearths
•
Carl Sauer
–
mapped out agricultural origins of
veg
planting and see
ag
•
Hearths
–
Vegetative Planting & Animal Domestication
–
Veg
Planting means removing part of a plant and putting it in the ground to
grow a new plant
•
Central America/NW South America
•
Western Africa
•
SE Asia
•
Hearths
–
Seed Agriculture
–
Seed Ag means taking seeds from an existing plan and planting them to
produce new plants
•
S. Mexico
•
NE Africa
•
N. China
•
NE India
•
Importance of Trade Routes
–
helped diffuse many products we use today,
colonialism brought to western hemi
Agricultural Regions and Patterns of
Change
•
Subsistence Farming
–
produce food they need to survive on a daily basis
•
Shifting Cultivation
–
moving farm fields after several years in search of more
productive soil after depleting nutrients in original field
•
Slash and burn
ag
–
leaves barren soil behind and moves on to the next area and
clears it by burning
–
puts nitrogen in soil
•
Crop Rotation
–
planting of different types of crops each year to replenish the soil
with nutrients used up by previous crop
•
Pastoral
Nomadism
–
moving animals on a seasonal basis to areas that heave the
necessary resources to meet the needs of the herd
•
Extensive Subsistence Agriculture
–
includes pastoral
nomadism
and shifting
cultivation
–
criticized for causing soil erosion, water degradation, and other
environmental problems but is more productive
•
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
–
more intense style of subsistence farming
–
more work is needed to obtain the same level of production
•
Rice
Sawahs
–
flooded fields where rice grows
•
Intertillage
–
clearing of rows in the field thru the use of hoes, rakes, and other
manual equipment
Agricultural Regions and Patterns of
Change
•
Commercial Farming
–
farming of products for sale off the farm
–
Mediterranean Ag
–
dry summer, cool moist winter
–
grapes, dates, olives
–
Dairy Farming
–
highly mechanized, milking cows
–
Mixed Livestock and Crop Production
–
cows grown for meat and other products are fed with
crops (corn and soybeans) grown on the same farm
–
Livestock Ranching
–
more developed countries
–
done on land on the fringes of productive
land
–
feeding of livestock is done by allowing animals to roam fields w/o assistance of farmer
–
huge areas of land
–
Specialized Fruit Production
-
orchards
–
Plantation Ag
–
less developed countries, production of one crop sold to more developed
countries
–
Interaction between Core Countries (dependent on Periphery) and Periphery Countries (raw
materials)
–
Truck Farms
–
farm where farmers produce fruits for market
–
Suitcase Farms
–
no one resides permanently
–
migrant workers
–
Agribusiness
–
mass production of
ag
products
–
Agricultural industrialization
–
increased mechanization of the farming process to increase
productivity and profits
–
Grain Farming
–
mass planting and harvesting of grain crops
–
wheat, barley, millet
–
Staple Grains
-
wheat, barley, millet that a large % of world pop depends on for survival
Von
Thunen’s
Model of Agricultural
Land Use
•
Johann Heinrich von
Thunen
–
model
–
crops are grown in direct relation
to their distance from market
–
1. Market
-
Gardening Activities
–
various heavy, bulky products (melons,
veggies)
–
need to be close to market because they will spoil and it costs too
much to transport
–
2. Dairy Farming
–
produced close to market, cost of transportation for cooling
–
3. Livestock Farming
–
•
fattening adds weight to animals to increase sale price,
•
feedlots specialize in cattle or hogs
–
4. Commercial Grain Farming
–
selling of wheat, corn, millet, other grains
•
Combines
–
separate seed from shaft of plant
•
Food chain
–
grain sent to market in trailers, sold to producer who makes product
(bread), product sold to wholesaler, sells to grocery store, individuals can buy it
–
5. Livestock Ranching
–
uses most land per farm of any other zones
–
6. Nonagricultural Land Use
–
isn’t really a zone because distance to market is
so far that farmer cannot productively or profitably sell
ag
products
•
Discussion/Modifications
Economic Systems and Activities
•
Primary
–
subsistence farming using hunting and gathering
techniques or pastoral
nomadism
•
Secondary
–
industrial sectors, factories take raw materials and
produce product
•
Tertiary
–
service sectors
–
people are involved selling commodities
•
Quaternary
–
one cannot hold or physically touch
–
internet, cell
phone service, etc
•
Quinary
–
management decisions of a society, people make
decisions concerning trade of commodities
•
Elevator
-
•
Farm Crisis
–
farmers are too productive, causing supply to exceed
demand for products, lower prices and less revenue for farmers
Trends in US Ag
•
Early American Ag Practices
–
hunting/gathering (Native Am)
•
Effect of Early Settlements and Westward Migration on Ag
–
colonization,
Europeans brought cattle and used seed
ag
–
Metes and Bounds
–
used in Great Britain, measuring uses of land’s physical features to
describe ownership claims
–
Township and Range
–
westward expansion
–
Sections
–
Midwest square mile tracts
–
Long Lots
–
French settlers in Louisiana
•
American Ag in 20
th
Cent
–
manifest destiny
–
God’s will to move westward across
US
–
Environmental Modification
–
intro manmade chemicals and practices to an area
–
Desertification
–
overgrazing led to encroaching deserts w/in arid regions
•
Future
–
Aquaculture
–
farming of fish for sale off farm
–
Creative Destruction
–
removal of what nature originally produced in a particular location to
grow what is desired
World Crop Regions
•
US
–
corn (livestock and humans consumption and
ethanol fuel)
•
South America
–
sugar cane fuel
•
Eastern Europe
–
wheat
•
Africa
–
sorghum or millet (high calorie energy source)
•
Asia
–
rice
•
Planned Economy
–
government controlled economy
(China) dictates to farmers the quantity and type of
agricultural products they can produce
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