“RESERVOIR ENGINEERING”
MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
Spring
2008
Department
of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering
Dr. Mahmut Parlaktuna
Res. Assist. Sevtaç Bülbül
A
r
eservoir
is
formed
of
one
(
or
more
)
subsurface
rock
formations
,
containing
liquid
and
/
or
gaseous
hydrocarbons
, of
sedimentary
origin
.
The
reservoir
rock
is
porous
and
permeable
and
bounded
by
impermeable
barriers
,
which
trap
hydrocarbons
.
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
A cross
-
section of a typical
hydrocarbon reservoir
(
R.
Cosse
, Basics of R
eservoir
E
ngineering
, 1993
)
R
eservoir
engineering
is
concerned
with
:
–
produc
ing
oil and gas
reservoirs in such a way that
the
economic
recovery is
maximized
,
and
–
the rate at which the
petroleum is produced is
maximized.
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
Reservoir engineer
deals with:
–
Control of amount of gas
&
water produced with oil
–
Proper placement of wells
–
Use of proper distance between wells
–
Injection of water or other fluids into the reservoir
and many other means are used to help to
maximize the oil.
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
Image
of
the
reservoir
:
forms
,
boundaries
,
distribution
and
volumes
of
fluids
Well
characteristics
:
e.
g.average
permeability
Recovery
mechanisms
:
natural
drive
,
enhanced
oil
recovery
Reservoir
Simulation
:
Integrating
the
reservoir
data
and
flow
laws
computer
models to predict the flow of
fluids
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
(R.
Cosse
,
Basics
of R
eservoir
E
ngineering
, 1993)
Reservoir Simulation
(R.
Cosse
,
Basics
of R
eservoir
E
ngineering
, 1993)
After a well has used up the reservoir's
natural
drives
and gas lift or pumps have recovered all the
hydrocarbons possible, statistics show that 25 to
95% of the original oil in the reservoir may still be
there.
This amount of oil can be worth recovering if
prices are high enough.
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Enhanced Oil Recovery
;
–
is the recovery of oil from a reservoir using
means other than using the natural reservoir
pressure.
–
generally results in increased amounts of
produced
oil
–
Its purpose is not only to restore
formation
pressure
, but also to improve oil
displacement
or
fluid flow in the
reservoir
.
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Secondary recovery
processes generally use
;
–
injection of water
or
natural gas
into the production
reservoir to replace or assist the natural reservoir
drive or primary production.
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
(www.bp.com)
Tertiary recovery
methods
are
used
where
secondary recovery methods leave
-
off.
T
hree
major
categories;
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
(http://www.seed.slb.com/en/scictr/wa
tch/climate_change/capture.htm)
1)
Thermal displacement
(
steam
injection
,
in
-
situ
combustion
2)
Chemical displacement
(
polymer injection, polymer
flooding and caustic
flooding
)
3)
Miscible displacement
–
(
hydrocarbon displacement,
CO
2
injection and inert gas
(nitrogen) injection
Oil and gas are not usually salable as they come
from the wellhead.
Typically, a well stream is a high
-
velocity, turbulent,
constantly expanding mixture of hydrocarbon liquids
and gases mixed with
–
water and water vapor,
–
solids such as sand and shale sediments,
–
sometimes contaminants such as carbon dioxide and
hydrogen sulfide.
Several steps are necessary to get oil or gas ready
to transport to its next stop
Surface Handling of Well Fluids
The well stream is first passed through a series of
separating and treating devices
;
–
to remove the sediments and water
–
to separate the liquids from the gases,
–
to treat the emulsions for further removal of water, solids,
and undesirable contaminants.
The oil is then
stabilized
,
stored
, and
tested
for
purity. The gas is tested for hydrocarbon content
and impurities, and gas pressure is adjusted to
pipeline or other transport specifications.
Surface Handling of Well Fluids
Surface Handling of Well Fluids
At the wellhead,
separators
are used to separate the
remaining gas in solution by or adjusting pressure in the
separator.
Water
is separated due to the gravity difference.
Crude oil
is fed into crude oil line
.
G
as
is flowed through the gas line.
Crude oil
is stored in large
tanks
after produced.
N
atural
gas
;
–
is
liquified
before storage.
(
Liquefied natural gas
or LNG
)
–
It is also stored in
underground formations
(
depleted gas reservoirs
,
aquifers
, and
salt
caverns
)
.
Natural gas is injected into suitable formations when
demand is low. Then it is produced when demand is
high.
Storage
C
rude oil
taken from
oil
fields
is carried to refineries near the
big markets by
;
–
P
ipeline
s
or
–
Tanker
s
depending upon whether it is
being moved overland or by
water.
Railroad tank cars
and even
trucks
are sometimes used to
carry crude oil from the fields
that cannot be reached by
pipelines.
Transportation
Natural
Gas
is moved primarily by
pipeline
s.
The gas transport system is therefore mostly on
land, with collection systems, continent crossing
pipelines, and local distribution systems.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
and liquid gas products
such as propane are moved by
ship, barge, truck, rail and
pipeline
s.
Compressed
natural
gas
(CNG)
can be
transported
by
tank
trucks
.
Transportation
Crude oil is often a dark, sticky liquid that cannot be
used without changing it.
An
oil refinery
is an industrial
process
plant where
cruide
oil
is processed and refined into more useful
petroleum
products
such as
gasoline
,
diesel
fuel
,
asphalt
base
,
heating
oil
and
liquefied
petroleum
gas
(LPG).
Refining
The first part of refining
crude oil is to heat it until
it boils. The boiling liquid
is separated into different
liquids and gases in a
distillation column.
THANKS FOR LISTENING.
Enter the password to open this PDF file:
File name:
-
File size:
-
Title:
-
Author:
-
Subject:
-
Keywords:
-
Creation Date:
-
Modification Date:
-
Creator:
-
PDF Producer:
-
PDF Version:
-
Page Count:
-
Preparing document for printing…
0%
Σχόλια 0
Συνδεθείτε για να κοινοποιήσετε σχόλιο