Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Wang Guo
-
hui
School of Enviromental Sciences and
engineering , Zhongshan University
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
1.1 TEACHING AND STUDY TECHNIQUE
1.2
MICROORGANISM AND
MICROBIOLOGY
1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
1.4 PURPOSE AND ORGANIZATION OF THIS TEXT
Outline
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
What’s the arrangement
for the teaching?
How to use your textbook?
1.1 Teaching and Learning Methods
1.1 Teaching and Study Technique
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Arrangement
•
Lectures
•
(
54 hours
)
•
Laboratory practices
•
(
30 hours
)
Next term
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
A very effective study technique to you
survey
Question
Read
Revise
Record
Review
SQ4R Technique
To continue
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Survey
(
獣慮
)
Briefly scan the chapter to become
familiar with its general content.
The survey should give you a feel for the
topic and how the chapter is approaching
it(
内容是怎样展开的
⤮)
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Question
As you reach each main heading or
subheading, try to compose an important
question or two that you believe the section
will answer. This habit facilitates active
reading and learning.
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Read
Carefully read the section. Read to
understand concepts and major points,
and try to find the answer to your
preview questions.
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Revise
(
修改
)
After reading the section, revise your
questions to more accurately reflect the
section's contents.
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Record
Underline the information in the text that answers
your questions. This process will give you good
material to use in preparing for exams.
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Review
(复习)
Review the information by trying to answer
your questions without looking at the text.
You will retain much more if you review the
material several times.
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
1.2.1 What is microbe?
“microorganism” = micro + organism
The word microbe (microorganism) is used to
describe an organism that is so small that,
normally, it cannot be seen without the use of a
microscope.
1.2
MICROORGANISM AND
MICROBIOLOGY
Organism
:
any living biological entity, such as an animal, plant, fungus, or bacterium
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
The word microorganism is used to
describe Bacteria ,Archaea
(古菌)
Ⱐ
Fungi,
Algae
,
Protista and Viruses
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
1.2.2 The main groups
Noncellular orgnism
:
virus, viroid and prion
C e l l u l a r o r g n i s m:
E u k a r y o t e
-
晵 湧 潩 f
、
慬 条 a
、
灲 潴 潺 潡
偲 潫 慲 祯 a e
-
扡 捴 b 物 r
、
慣 瑩 湯 浹 捥 瑥
、
c 祡 湯 扡 捴 敲 楡
a n d a r c h a e ba c t e r i a
C y a n (
青色的
)
捥汬 潲条湥o汥
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Microbial world
Organisms
(living)
Infectious agents
(non
-
living)
Prokaryotes
(unicellular)
eukaryotes
viruses
viroids
prions
Eubacteria
Archaea
Algae
(unicellular
or
multicellular)
Fungi
(unicellular
or
multicellular)
Protozoa
(unicellular)
Other
(multicellular
organisms)
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Most of the bacteria, protozoa, and fungi are
single
-
celled microorganisms, and even the
multicelled microbes do not have a great range of
cell types. Viruses are not even cells.
1.2.3 The cell type of microbes
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
1.2.4 The size of microbes
Microbe
Approximate range of
sizes
Cell type
Viruses
0.01
-
0.25
nm
Acellular
Bacteria
0.1
-
10
µm
Prokaryote
Fungi
2
µm
-
1m
Eukaryote
Protozoa
2
-
1000
µm
Eukaryote
Algae
1
µm
-
several
µm
s
Eukaryote
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Microbes
impinge on
all aspects of life,
just a few of these are listed below:
The environment
Medicine
Food
Biotechnology
Research
1.2.5 The importance of microbiology
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
1.
Microbes are responsible for the geochemical
cycles.
2.They are found in association with plants in symbiotic
relationships. Some microbes are devastating plant
pathogens, but others may act as biological control agents
against diseases.
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
3.The disease
-
causing ability of some microbes is well
known. However, microorganisms have also provided us
with the means of their control in the form of antibiotics and
other medically important drugs.
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
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4.Microbes have been used to produce food, from
brewing and wine making, through cheese
production and bread making, to the manufacture
of soy sauce. But microbes are also responsible
for
food spoilage(
腐败
⤮
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
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Microbiology
5.Traditionally microbes have been used to
synthesize important chemicals
.
6.The advent of genetic engineering techniques
has led to the cloning of polypeptides into
microbes.
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
1.2.6 Branches of
Microbiology
Bacteriology
Protozoology
Parasitology
Microbial Morphology
Mycology
Virology
Phycology
or Algology
Microbial physiology
Microbial taxonomy
Microbial genetics
Molecular biology
Microbial ecology
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Microbiology
Basic
microbiology
A
pplied
microbiology
According to
biological
problem
of study
According to
object of
study
According to
applied field
According to
applied
technique
microbial
taxonomy
microbial
cytology
microbial
biochemistry
microbial genetics
microbial
physiology
microbial ecology
immunology
virology
bacteriology
fungus
phycology
protozoology
food microbiology
industrial microbiology
environmental
microbiology
microbial medicine
pathogenic
microorganism
agricultural
microbiology
medical microbiology
brewage
technique
fermentation engineering
biological products
Micro
biologic test
environment
bioengineering
genetic engineering
enzyme engineering
antibiotics
Microbiological research area and branch
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
1.2.7 The characteristics of
microorganism
1
.
†
䵩捲潳M潰oc
2
.
†
楮摥灥湤敮琠畮楴e
3
.
†
汥獳l浰汥砠
4
.
†
牡r楤i杲潷瑨g瑥猠
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
1.2.8 The position in life world
原生生物界
植物界
真菌界
动物界
细菌域
古生菌域
真核生物域
a
The categorizing system of biological
five kindoms
原生生物界
植物界
真菌界
动物界
细菌域
古生菌域
真核生物域
b
Fungi kingdom
Prokaryote kingdom
Protista kindom
Plant kingdom
Animal kingdom
Bacteria domains
Common ancester
Archaea domains
Eukaryote domains
The categorizing system of three
domains
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
1.2.9 Category
The systemic taxa of mocroorganisms follow the systemic taxa built by
Linnaeus
,
楮捬畤楮朠獥癥渠杲慤敳e晲潭o瑯瀠瑯 扯瑴潭:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
There are more than ten grades in the systemic taxa altogether, because each
grade, if needed, could sub
-
divide some auxiliary units
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
All species names of cellular microorganisms obey the Latin
binominal nomenclature built by Linnaeus
,
椮攮潲浡i
獰散s敳e湡浥n楳畩i琠異礠䱡瑩渠L潲摳
,
慮搠楴 獨潵汤s扥b
italic(
斜体
⤮)
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
According to binomial nomenclature(
系统命名法
⤬ 愠
景牭慬灥p楥猠湡浥猠捯c獩獴†潦s愠来湵a慭攠
慮a摤楮朠w潲搠潦o獰s捩敳⸠湡浥牳n潦o敮e扥b
慤a敤晴敲e瑨敭t畴u浥牳潵汤攠潭楴瑥搠
来g敲慬ey.
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
e. g.
Escherichia coli
Aspergillus flavus
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
A formal name could be omitted often, when a species
name is present repeatedly in a paper or works.
e.g.
Escherichia coli
,
†
䔮潬椠
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Environmental microbiology interfaces with a number of
different subspecialties(
附属专业
⤬)楮捬畤楮朠獯楬Ⱐ慱畡瑩aⱡ湤,
慥a潭o捲潢楯o潧oⰠ慳⁷敬e猠扩潲敭敤楡e楯測iw慴ar 煵慬楴yⰠ
潣捵灡瑩潮慬o桥慬h栠慮搠楮i散e楯渠捯湴c潬ⱦ潯搠獡s整eⰠ慮搠
楮摵獴i楡i 浩捲潢楯o潧礠⡆(朮gㄮㄩ1
1. 3 Environmental Microbiologys
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
What happened in the 1970s to
cause
(催动了)
瑨楳敷楥汤t
of microbiology to develop.
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
1.
Emergence of a series of new waterborne,
Table 1.1
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Rotavirus (
轮状病毒
)
䱥杩潮敬污
(团菌)
Escherichia coli
0157:H7
(大肠埃希
氏杆菌
0157:H7
)
Hepatitis E virus
(
E
型肝炎病毒)
䍲祰瑯獰潲楤極C
(隐孢子虫)
Calicivirus
(嵌杯病毒)
Helicobacter pylori(
幽门
)
䍹C汯獰潲l
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
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2. Surface water and groundwater supplies
(地下水源)
慲攠晲敱略湴汹 捯湴慭楮慴敤e
w楴i 潲条湩挠慮搠楮i牧慮楣i捨敭楣慬献
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Chemical contami
nants that are routinely found in
soil and groundwater
, Table 1.2.
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
3.
the discovery of the structure of DNA in
1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick
engendered
(使得)
瑨攠摥te汯灭p湴n潦o湥w
technologies for measuring and analyzing
microbes.
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
4.Successful use of bioremediation to clean a
contaminated site.
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
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Bioremediation
:
楮瑲潤o捴c潮o潦o捲潯牧慮楳浳o
(Table 1.4).
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
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Microbiology
The use of introduced microbes can
result in
(
产
生
)
significant
benefits
(效益)
.
Although
genetically engineered
microbes (GEMs)
can be very
efficient, their
intentional
release is currently restricted because of
safety
concerns.
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
(1)
Basic microbiological concepts;
(2)
Description of the various
microorganisms
in the
field;
(3) A discussion of methodologies available for
detection, enumeration, and identification of microbes
and their activities
Summary
Wang Guohui
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Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
(4) How
microorganisms
affect cycling of nutrients
as well as how they can be exploited to help solve
environmental problems;
Wang Guohui
wgh126@126.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Environmental
Microbiology
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