Mapping ICT Policy
Issues, Values and Processes
Belgrade, Feb.
27
,
2004
Stefaan Verhulst
Markle Foundation
Starting Points…
ICT has huge potential to address societal
and individual needs…
Benefits comprise: efficiency,
accessibility, enhanced service delivery,
cost reductions, flexibility, etc.
Yet, to achieve those benefits… strategic
planning and implementation, leadership,
investment and commitment is required.
ICT Policy: Why? (1)
“This is a wonderful innovation coming down the track
like a speeding freight train. I am here today to help
make sure that our state and local government aren't
tied to the tracks ahead of this train.”
Lamer Alexander, R
-
Tx, in a debate on regulating VOIP
Enabling, Guiding and Managing Societal and
Economic Change due to Technological
Developments
Change: Disruptive versus Liberating
Enabling the Potential, Limiting the Harm
Determined by Oil Spill, Opportunity Cost and
Conflict of Interests
ICT Policy: Why? (
2
)
To make sure systems work and that they
can be used;
To allocate scarce resources among
competitive users;
To encourage and protect investment;
To prevent abuse of market power;
To ensure universal access to basic
services;
To protect public order and national
security.
ICT Policy: How?
Legislation and
Regulations
Court Decisions and
Dispute Resolutions
Standards and
Technology
Investment and R&D
ICT Policy:Key Drivers
Digitalization
Decentralized
Convergence
Globalization
ICT Policy: Responses?
Analogies
Telephone? Television? Library? Mall?
Metaphors
Superhighway? Cyberspace?
Neverland?
New Wine in Old or New Bottles?
ICT Policy: Responses
Re
-
thinking of the policy framework;
Re
-
defining of the boundaries;
Re
-
balancing of values and rights;
Re
-
engineering of the policy process
Old
Sectoral
Framework
Telecom
Law and
Policy
Media
Law and
Policy
Computer
Law and
Policy
Industrial
and
Competition
Policy
Content and Services
Layer
Logical
Layer
Physical
Layer
Competition
Policy
New
Layered
Framework
Physical Layer
–
Bottlenecks and Vulnerabilities
Satellite
Cable
Wireless
Phone
Power
Physical Layer
Bottlenecks
Interconnection
Open Access/Unbundling
Interoperability
UNIVERSAL ACCESS
Vulnerabilities
Security
Critical Infrastructure
DNS Stability
Services Directive (90/388/EEC)
extended to: Satellite (94/46/EC)
Cable (95/51/EC)
Mobile (96/2/EC)
Full competition (96/19/EC)
Cable ownership (1999/64/EC)
ONP Framework Directive
(90/387/EEC amended by 97/51/EC)
Licensing Directive (97/13/EC)
GSM Directive (87/372/EEC)
ERMES Directive (90/544/EC)
DECT Directive (91/287/EEC)
S
-
PCS Decision (97/710/EC)
UMTS Decision (99/128/EC)
European Emergency Number Decision (91/396/EC)
International Access Code Decision (92/264/EEC)
ONP leased lines Directive
(92/44/EEC amended by 97/51/EC)
TV standards Directive (95/47/EC)
Interconnection Directive
(97/33/ EC amended by 98/61/EC)
Voice telephony Directive (98/10/EC)
Telecoms data protection Directive (97/66/EC)
Liberalisation and
Competition Directive
Framework Directive
Authorisation Directive
Access & Interconnection
Directive
Universal service Directive
Data protection Directive
Radio Spectrum Decision
The New EU Framework For
Electronic Communications
Open Source
vs
Proprietary
Software
Korea
Dataveillance
Web Services
and Portals
Browser
Digital
Identity
Geo
-
location
Digital Rights
Management
Logical Layer
–
Re
-
Mediation
Logical Layer
Assumptions behind New Technologies
•
Abundance and Loss of Scarcity
•
Dis
-
intermediation
•
New Receiver
-
Sender Relationship
(End
-
to
-
End)
•
Empowerment of the User/Edges
(Personalisation)
•
Transparent and Open Sphere
•
Anonymity
Logical Layer
Assumptions behind New Technologies
•
Abundance and Loss of Scarcity
•
Dis
-
intermediation
•
New Receiver
-
Sender Relationship
(End
-
to
-
End)
•
Empowerment of the User/Edges
(Personalisation)
•
Transparent and Open Sphere
•
Anonymity
Re
-
Mediation
Implications
Determination of Access and Frame
of Reference
Mediation is not value neutral
Scarcity determines Power
Loss of Anonymity
Open Source Spaces
Operating Systems
Linux, BSD
Web Browser
Mozilla
Office Suites
OpenOffice, StarOffice
Desktops
Gnome, KDE
Web Server
Apache
Database
MYSQL, PostgreSQL
Public Key Encryption
OpenSource PKI
Programming Languages
GNU C, C++, Perl
Common Benefits of OS
Stability and security
Purchasing cost savings
Maintenance cost savings
No reliance on a single vendor, long term
stability
Better standards
Modifiable code
Faster innovation
Challenges of OS
Lack of user friendliness
Technical set
-
up process
Lack of support
So...
OS Development community should focus on
stability, and security, while third
-
parties focus
on user
-
friendliness and support.
Content and Service Layer
Content control
Copyright
Public Domain
European Copyright Directive
E
-
services (E
-
commerce, E
-
banking,
E
-
government, E
-
health)
Consumer Protection
Diversification of policies
Re
-
defining Boundaries
Sovereignty
Enforcement
Jurisdiction
Global Governance
Commons
Core Values
Co
-
ordination
Global Actors Map
ATU
ASEAN
CoE
(DG
1
, DG II)
EU
(Enterprise/Justice &
Home Affairs/Education &
Culture)
OECD
REGIONAL
ETSI
GBDe
WSIS
UN
-
ICT TASKFORCE
UNESCO
(IITE)
UNCTAD
(DITE)
UNCITRAL
ITU
(ITU
-
R, ITU
-
T,
ITU
-
D)
Internet Society
ICANN
WTO
W3C
WIPO
World Bank
(GICT)
GLOBAL
Logical Layer
Content/Services
UNCTAD
(ECB)
UNESCO
(CI)
EU
(Internal Market)
EU Parliament
EU
(Information
Society)
OECD
Physical Layer
CITEL
APEC
Re
-
balancing rights and values
Information Rights
(free expression,
information access)
Cultural Rights
(Language,
tradition, diversity)
Collective Rights
(basic services,
security, common
resources)
Protection Rights
(Privacy, property,
discrimination)
Re
-
engineering the process
PARTICIPATION
REPRESENTATION ACCOUNTABILITY
TRANSPARENCY
LEGITIMACY
Thank You…
Stefaan Verhulst
sverhulst@markle.org
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